REFERENCES
- Crisco , J J III , Chen , X , Panjabi , M M and Wolfe , S W . 1994 . Optimal marker placement for calculating the instantaneous center of rotation . J Biomech. , 27 : 1183 – 1187 .
- Descarreaux , M , Blouin , J S and Teasdale , N . 2003 . A non-invasive technique for measurement of cervical vertebral angle: report of a preliminary study . Eur Spine J. , 12 : 314 – 319 .
- Farmer , C M , Wells , J K and Lund , A K . 2003 . Effects of head restraint and seat redesign on neck injury risk in rear-end crashes . Traffic Inj Prev. , 4 : 83 – 90 .
- Himmetoglu , S , Acar , M , Bouazza-Marouf , K and Taylor , A J . 2008 . Energy-absorbing car seat designs for reducing whiplash . Traffic Inj Prev. , 9 : 583 – 591 .
- Ivancic , P C , Panjabi , M M , Ito , S , Cripton , P A and Wang , J L . 2005 . Biofidelic whole cervical spine model with muscle force replication for whiplash simulation . Eur Spine J. , 14 : 346 – 355 .
- Ivancic , P C and Sha , D . 2010 . Comparison of the whiplash injury criteria . Accid Anal Prev. , 42 : 56 – 63 .
- Ivancic , P C , Sha , D and Panjabi , M M . 2009 . Whiplash injury prevention with active head restraint . Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). , 24 : 699 – 707 .
- Ivancic , P C , Wang , J L and Panjabi , M M . 2006 . Calculation of dynamic spinal ligament deformation . Traffic Inj Prev. , 7 : 81 – 87 .
- Jakobsson , L , Isaksson-Hellman , I and Lindman , M . 2008 . WHIPS (Volvo cars' Whiplash Protection System)—the development and real-world performance . Traffic Inj Prev. , 9 : 600 – 605 .
- Jakobsson , L , Lundell , B , Norin , H and Isaksson-Hellman , I . 2000 . WHIPS—Volvo's Whiplash Protection Study . Accid Anal Prev. , 32 : 307 – 319 .
- Kitagawa , Y , Yasuki , T and Hasegawa , J . 2008 . Research study on neck injury lessening with active head restraint using human body FE model . Traffic Inj Prev. , 9 : 574 – 582 .
- Kumar , S , Ferrari , R and Narayan , Y . 2005 . Effect of trunk flexion on cervical muscle EMG to rear impacts . J Orthop Res. , 23 : 1105 – 1111 .
- Linder , A , Olsson , T , Truedsson , N , Morris , A , Fildes , B and Sparke , L . 2001 . Dynamic performances of different seat designs for low to medium velocity rear impact . Annu Proc Assoc Adv Automot Med. , 45 : 187 – 201 .
- Lundell , B , Jakobsson , J , Alfredsson , B , Jernstorm , C and Isaksson-Hellman , I . 1998 . Guidelines for and the Design of a Car Seat Concept for Improved Protection Against Neck Injuries in Rear End Car Impacts , Warrendale, PA : Society of Automotive Engineers . Paper No. 980301
- Lundell , B , Jakobsson , J , Alfredsson , B , Lindstrom , M and Simonsson , L . 1998 . The WHIPS seat—A car seat for improved protection against neck injuries in rear end impacts . Paper presented at: 16th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles . May 31–June 4 1998 , Windsor, Ontario, Canada.
- National Center for Statistical Analysis . 2008 . Traffic Safety Facts 2008 Data: Overview , Washington, DC : National Highway Traffic Safety Administration .
- Siegmund , G P , Winkelstein , B A , Ivancic , P C , Svensson , M Y and Vasavada , A . 2009 . The anatomy and biomechanics of acute and chronic whiplash injury . Traffic Inj Prev. , 10 : 101 – 112 .
- Venkataramana , M P , Hans , S A , Bawab , S Y , Keifer , O P , Woodhouse , M L and Layson , P D . 2005 . Effects of initial seated position in low speed rear-end impacts: a comparison with the TNO rear impact dummy (TRID) model . Traffic Inj Prev. , 6 : 77 – 85 .
- Viano , D C . 2003a . Influence of seat properties on occupant dynamics in severe rear crashes . Traffic Inj Prev. , 4 : 324 – 336 .
- Viano , D C . 2003b . Seat properties affecting neck responses in rear crashes: a reason why whiplash has increased . Traffic Inj Prev. , 4 : 214 – 227 .
- Welcher , J B and Szabo , T J . 2001 . Relationships between seat properties and human subject kinematics in rear impact tests . Accid Anal Prev. , 33 : 289 – 304 .