Head Impact Contact Points for Restrained Child Occupants

REFERENCES

• Arbogast , K B , Chen , I , Durbin , D R and Winston , F K . 2004 . Injury risks for children in child restraint systems in side impact crashes . Paper presented at: International Research Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact (IRCOBI)September 22–24Graz, Austria
   Google Scholar
• Arbogast , K B , Cornejo , R A , Kallan , M J , Winston , F K and Durbin , D R . 2002 . Injuries to children in forward facing child restraints . Annu Proc Assoc Adv Automot Med. , 46 : 213 – 230 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Arbogast , K B , Jermakian , J S , Ghati , Y , Smith , R , Menon , R A and Maltese , M R . 2005 . Patterns and predictors of pediatric head injury . Paper presented at: International Research Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact (IRCOBI)September 21–23Prague, Czech Republic
   Google Scholar
• Arbogast , K B , Locey , C M , Zonfrillo , M R and Maltese , M R . 2010 . Protection of children restrained in child safety seats in side impact crashes . J Trauma. , 69 : 913 – 923 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohman , K , Arbogast , K B and Bostrom , O . 2011 . Head injury causation scenarios for belted, rear-seated children in frontal impacts . Traffic Inj Prev. , 12 : 62 – 70 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . 2011 . Web-Based Injury Statistics Query Reporting System (WISQARS): 2007 Data Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/. Accessed July 8, 2011. Page last reviewed June 1, 2010
   Google Scholar
• Durbin , D R , Elliott , M R and Winston , F K . 2003 . Belt-positioning booster seats and reduction in risk of injury among children in vehicle crashes . JAMA. , 289 : 2835 – 2840 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howard , A , Rothman , L McKeag , A M . 2004 . Children in side-impact motor vehicle crashes: seating positions and injury mechanisms . J Trauma. , 56 : 1276 – 1285 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kallan , M J , Durbin , D R and Arbogast , K B . 2008 . Seating patterns and corresponding risk of injury among 0- to 3-year-old children in child safety seats . Pediatrics. , 121 : e1342 – e1347 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maltese , M R , Chen , I and Arbogast , K B . 2005 . Injury risks to belted children in side impact . Paper presented at: 19th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV); June 6–9Washington, DC
   Google Scholar
• Maltese , M R , Locey , C M , Jermakian , J S , Nance , M L and Arbogast , K B . 2007 . Injury causation scenarios in belt-restrained nearside child occupants . Stapp Car Crash J. , 51 : 299 – 311 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Munoz-Sanchez , M A , Murillo-Cabezas , F Cayuela , A . 2005 . The significance of skull fracture in mild head trauma differs between children and adults . Childs Nerv Syst. , 21 ( 2 ) : 128 – 132 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Highway Traffic Safety Administration . 2010 . Traffic Safety Facts 2009: Early Edition , Washington , DC : US Department of Transportation . DOT HS 811 402
   Google Scholar
• Nirula , R , Mock , C , Kaufman , R , Rivara , F P and Grossman , D C . 2003 . Correlation of head injury to vehicle contact points using crash injury research and engineering network data . Accid Anal Prev. , 35 : 201 – 210 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orzechowski , K M , Edgerton , E A , Bulas , D I , McLaughlin , P M and Eichelberger , M R . 2003 . Patterns of injury to restrained children in side impact motor vehicle crashes: the side impact syndrome . J Trauma. , 54 : 1094 – 1101 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parenteau , C S , Viano , D C Shah , M . 2003 . Field relevance of a suite of rollover tests to real-world crashes and injuries . Accid Anal Prev. , 35 : 103 – 110 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pintar , F A , Yoganandan , N and Maiman , D J . 2008 . Injury mechanisms and severity in narrow offset frontal impacts . Ann Adv Automot Med. , 52 : 185 – 189 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schneider , L W , Rupp , J D Scarboro , M . 2011 . BioTab—a new method for analyzing and documenting injury causation in motor-vehicle crashes . Traffic Inj Prev. , 12 : 256 – 265 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scullion , P , Nix , L Morgan , R M . 2009 . Injury mechanism of the head and face of children in side impacts . Paper presented at: Society of Automotive Engineers World Congress & Exhibition; April 20Detroit, Mich
   Google Scholar
• Viano , D C and Parenteau , C S . 2008 . Field accident data analysis of 2nd row children and individual case reviews . Paper presented at: Society of Automotive Engineers Government/Industry Meeting; May 12–14Washington, DC
   Google Scholar
• Yoganandan , N , Baisden , J L Maiman , D J . 2010 . Severe-to-fatal head injuries in motor vehicle impacts . Accid Anal Prev. , 42 : 1370 – 1378 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoganandan , N , Gennarelli , T A , Zhang , J , Pintar , F A , Takhounts , E and Ridella , S A . 2009 . Association of contact loading in diffuse axonal injuries from motor vehicle crashes . J Trauma. , 66 : 309 – 315 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar