Development and Validation of a Crash Culpability Scoring Tool

REFERENCES

• af Wahlberg , A E . 2009 . “ The determination of fault in collisions ” . In Driver Behaviour and Accident Research Methodology: Unresolved Problems , Edited by: Dorn , L , Matthews , G and Glendon , I . 101 – 120 . Surrey , , England : Ashgate Publishing Limited .
   Google Scholar
• af Wahlberg , A E and Dorn , L . 2007 . Culpable versus non-culpable traffic accidents; what is wrong with this picture? . J Safety Res. , 38 : 453 – 459 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker , S P and Spitz , W U . 1970 . Age effects and autopsy evidence of disease in fatally injured drivers . JAMA. , 214 : 1079 – 1088 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biecheler , M B , Peytavin , J F Facy , F . 2008 . SAM survey on “drugs and fatal accidents”: search of substances consumed and comparison between drivers involved under the influence of alcohol or cannabis . Traffic Inj Prev. , 9 : 11 – 21 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blomberg , R D , Peck , R C , Moskowitz , H , Burns , M and Fiorentino , D . 2009 . The Long Beach/Fort Lauderdale relative risk study . J Safety Res. , 40 : 285 – 292 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borkenstein , R F , Crowther , R F , Shumate , R P , Ziel , W B and Zylman , R . 1974 . The role of the drinking driver in traffic accidents (the Grand Rapids Study) . Blutalcohol. , 11 ( suppl ) : 7 – 13 .
   Google Scholar
• Carr , B R . 1969 . A statistical analysis of rural Ontario traffic accidents using induced exposure data . Accid Anal Prev. , 1 : 343 – 357 .
   Google Scholar
• Cooper , P J , Meckle , W and Andersen , L . 2010 . The efficiency of using non-culpable crash-claim involvements from insurance data as a means of estimating travel exposure for road user sub-groups . J Safety Res. , 41 : 129 – 136 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drummer , O H , Gerostamoulos , J Batziris , H . 2004 . The involvement of drugs in drivers of motor vehicles killed in Australian road traffic crashes . Accid Anal Prev. , 36 : 239 – 248 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleiss , J L . 1981 . Statistical Methods for Rates and Proportions. , 2nd ed , New York , NY : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Joksch , H C . 1973 . A pilot study of observed and induced exposure to traffic accidents . Accid Anal Prev. , 5 : 127 – 136 .
   Google Scholar
• Laumon , B , Gadegbeku , B , Martin , J L and Biecheler , M B . 2005 . Cannabis intoxication and fatal road crashes in France: population based case-control study . BMJ. , 331 : 1371
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenguerrand , E , Martin , J L , Moskal , A , Gadegbeku , B and Laumon , B . 2008 . Limits of the quasi-induced exposure method when compared with the standard case-control design. Application to the estimation of risks associated with driving under the influence of cannabis or alcohol . Accid Anal Prev. , 40 : 861 – 868 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Longo , M C , Hunter , C E , Lokan , R J , White , J M and White , M A . 2000 . The prevalence of alcohol, cannabinoids, benzodiazepines and stimulants amongst injured drivers and their role in driver culpability: Part II: the relationship between drug prevalence and drug concentration, and driver culpability . Accid Anal Prev. , 32 : 623 – 632 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCarroll , J R and Haddon , W Jr . 1962 . A controlled study of fatal automobile accidents in New York City . J Chronic Dis. , 15 : 811 – 826 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Orriols , L , Philip , P Moore , N . 2011 . Benzodiazepine-like hypnotics and the associated risk of road traffic accidents . Clin Pharmacol Ther. , 89 : 595 – 601 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peck , R C , Gebers , M A , Voas , R B and Romano , E . 2008 . The relationship between blood alcohol concentration (BAC), age, and crash risk . J Safety Res. , 39 : 311 – 319 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson , M D and Drummer , O H . 1994 . Responsibility analysis: a methodology to study the effects of drugs in driving . Accid Anal Prev. , 26 : 243 – 247 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , H W and Popham , R E . 1951 . Blood alcohol levels in relation to driving . CMAJ. , 65 : 325 – 328 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stamatiadis , N and Deacon , J A . 1995 . Trends in highway safety: effects of an aging population on accident propensity . Accid Anal Prev. , 27 : 443 – 459 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stamatiadis , N and Deacon , J A . 1997 . Quasi-induced exposure: methodology and insight . Accid Anal Prev. , 29 : 37 – 52 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terhune , K W . 1983 . An evaluation of responsibility analysis for assessing alcohol and drug crash effects . Accid Anal Prev. , 15 : 237 – 246 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar