A Methodology to Estimate the Kinematics of Pediatric Occupants in Frontal Impacts

REFERENCES

• Alem , N M , Bowman , B M , Melvin , J W and Benson , J B . 1978 . Whole-Body Human Surrogate Response to Three-Point Harness Restraint , Warrendale , Pa : Society of Automotive Engineers . Paper No. 780895
   Google Scholar
• Arbogast , K B , Balasubramanian , S Seacrist , T . 2009 . Comparison of kinematic responses of the head and spine for children and adults in low-speed frontal sled tests . Stapp Car Crash J. , 53 : 329 – 372 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Arbogast , K B , Cornejo , R A , Kallan , M J , Winston , F and Durbin , D R . 2002 . Injuries to children in forward-facing child restraints . Annu Proc Assoc Adv Automot Med , 46 : 213 – 230 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Arbogast , K B , Jermakian , J S , Ghati , Y , Smith , R , Menon , R A and Maltese , M R . Patterns and predictors of pediatric head injury . Paper presented at: IRCOBI Conference , Prague , , Czech Republic September 21–23,
   Google Scholar
• Brun Cassan , F , Page , M , Pincemaille , Y , Kallieris , D and Tarriere , C . 1993 . Comparative Study of Restrained Child Dummies and Cadavers in Experimental Crashes , Warrendale , Pa : Society of Automotive Engineers . Paper No. 933105
   Google Scholar
• Dejeammes , M , Tarriere , C , Thomas , C and Kallieris , D . 1984 . Exploration of Biomechanical Data Towards a Better Evaluation of Tolerance for Children Involved in Automotive Accidents , Warrendale , Pa : Society of Automotive Engineers . SAE Paper No. 840530
   Google Scholar
• Eppinger , R H , Marcus , J H and Morgan , R M . 1984 . Development of Dummy and Injury Index for NHTSA's Thoracic Side Impact Protection Research Program , Warrendale, Pa: Society of Automotive Engineers . SAE Technical Paper Series 840885
   Google Scholar
• Forman , J , Michaelson , J , Kent , R , Kuppa , S and Bostrom , O . 2008 . Occupant restraint in the rear seat: ATD responses to standard and pre–tensioning, force-limiting belt restraints . Annu Proc Assoc Adv Automot Med. , 52 : 141 – 154 .
   Google Scholar
• Goldstein , H. 1980 . Classical Mechanics , 2nd ed. Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley .
   Google Scholar
• Kallieris , D , Barz , J , Schmidt , G , Heess , G and Mattern , R . Comparison between child cadavers and child dummy by using child restraint systems in simulated collisions . Warrendale, Pa: Society of Automotive Engineers, SAE Paper No. 760815
   Google Scholar
• Kallieris , D , Schmidt , G , Barz , J , Mattern , R and Schulz , F . Response and vulnerability of the human body at different impact velocities in simulated three-point belted cadaver tests . Paper presented at: IRCOBI Conference, September 12–13, Lyon, France
   Google Scholar
• Kent , R , Salzar , R Kerrigan , J . 2009 . Pediatric thoracoabdominal biomechanics . Stapp Car Crash J. , 53 : 373 – 401 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kinzel , G L , Hall , A S and Hillberry , B M . 1972 . Measurement of the total motion between two body segments—I. Analytical development . J Biomech. , 5 : 93 – 105 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lessley , D , Crandall , J , Shaw , G and Kent , R . 2004 . A Normalization Technique for Developing Corridors from Individual Subject Responses , Warrendale , Pa : Society of Automotive Engineers . SAE Paper No. 2004–01-0288
   Google Scholar
• Lopez-Valdes , F J , Forman , J , Bostrom , O and Kent , R . 2010 . The frontal impact-response of a booster-seated child-size PMHS . Traffic Inj Prev. , 11 : 320 – 327 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez-Valdes , F J , Forman , J , Kent , R , Bostrom , O and Segui-Gomez , M . 2009 . A comparison between a child-size PMHS and the Hybrid III 6 YO in a sled frontal impact . Annu Proc Assoc Adv Automot Med. , 53 : 237 – 246 .
   Google Scholar
• Lopez-Valdes , F J , Lau , A Lamp , J . 2010 . Analysis of spinal motion during frontal impacts. Comparison between PMHS and ATD . Ann Adv Automot Med. , 54 : 61 – 78 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lopez-Valdes , F J , Lau , S , Riley , P , Lamp , J and Kent , R . 2011 . The biomechanics of the pediatric and adult human thoracic spine . Ann Adv Automot Med. , 55 : 193 – 206 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mattern , R , Kallieris , D , Riedl , H and von Wiren , B . 2002 . Reanalysis of Two Child PMHS-Tests , Heidelberg , , Germany : University of Heidelberg .
   Google Scholar
• Mertz , H J , Irwin , A , Melvin , J W , Stalnaker , R L and Beebe , M S . 1989 . “ Size, weight and biomechanical impact response requirements for adult size small female and large male dummies ” . Warrendale , Pa : Society of Automotive Engineers . Paper No. 890756
   Google Scholar
• Mertz , H J , Irwin , A L and Prasad , P . 2003 . Biomechanical and scaling bases for frontal and side impact injury assessment reference values . Stapp Car Crash J. , 47 : 155 – 188 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mertz , H J , Jarret , K , Moss , S , Salloum , M and Zhao , Y . 2001 . The Hybrid III 10-year-old dummy . Stapp Car Crash J. , 45 : 319 – 328 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shaw , C , Kent , R , Sieveka , E and Crandall , J . Spinal kinematics of restrained occupant in frontal impacts . Paper presented at: IRCOBI Conference , Isle of Man, October 10–12,
   Google Scholar
• Shaw , G , Parent , D Purtsezov , S . 2009 . Impact response of restrained PMHS in frontal sled tests: skeletal deformation patterns under seat belt loading . Stapp Car Crash J. , 53 : 1 – 48 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sherwood , C , Shaw , G Rooij , L V . 2003 . Prediction of cervical spine injury risk for the 6-year-old child in frontal crashes . Traffic Inj Prev. , 4 : 206 – 213 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wismans , J , Maltha , J , Melvin , J and Stalnaker , R . 1979 . Child Restraint Evaluation by Experimental and Mathematical Simulation , Warrendale , Pa : Society of Automotive Engineers . SAE Paper No. 791017
   Google Scholar