Effects of Vehicle Impact Velocity, Vehicle Front-End Shapes on Pedestrian Injury Risk

REFERENCES

• AAAM . 2005 . The Abbreviated Injury Scale 2005 , Barrington , IL : American Association for Automotive Medicine .
   Google Scholar
• Anderson , R WG , McLean , A J , Farmer , M JB , Lee , B H and Brooks , C G . Vehicle travel speeds and the incidence of fatal pedestrian crashes . Proceedings of the 1995 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact , pp. 107 – 117 .
   Google Scholar
• Anderson , R WG , McLean , A J , Farmer , M JB , Lee , B H and Brooks , C G . 1997 . Vehicle travel speeds and the incidence of fatal pedestrian crashes . Accid Anal Prev. , 29 : 667 – 674 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashton , SJ. 1980 . A Preliminary Assessment of the Potential for Pedestrian Injury Reduction Through Vehicle Design , Warrendale, PA : Society of Automotive Engineers . SAE Technical Paper 801315
   Google Scholar
• Ashton , S J , Pedder , J B and Mackay , G M . 1977 . Pedestrian Injuries and the Car Exterior , Warrendale, PA : Society of Automotive Engineers . SAE Technical Paper 770092
   Google Scholar
• Australian Transport Safety Bureau . 2009 . Road Deaths Australia 2008 Statistical Summary , Australian Government . Canberra ACT, Australia:
   Google Scholar
• Bouquet , R and Ramet , M . 1994 . Thoracic and Pelvis Human Response to Impact , Washington, DC : National Highway Traffic Safety Administration . In: Proceedings of the 14th ESV., Paper No. 94-S1-O-03
   Google Scholar
• Bouquet , R , Ramet , M , Bermond , F , Caire , Y , Talantikite , Y and Voiglio , E . 1998 . Pelvis Human Responses to Lateral Impact In: Proceedings of the 16th ESV. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Paper No. 98-S7-W-16
   Google Scholar
• Crandall , J R , Lessley , D J , Kerrigan , J R and Ivarsson , B J . 2006 . Thoracic deformation response of pedestrians resulting from vehicle impact . Int J Crashworthiness. , 11 : 529 – 539 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuerden , R , Richards , D and Hill , J . Pedestrians and their survivability at different impact speeds . Proceedings of the 20th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles , Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; 2007. Paper Number 07-0440
   Google Scholar
• Eastridge , B J and Burgess , A R . 1997 . Pedestrian pelvic fractures: 5-year experience of a major urban trauma center . J Trauma. , 42 : 695 – 700 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EC Regulation . 2009 . (EC) No 78/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 January 2009 on the type-approval of motor vehicles with regard to the protection of pedestrians and other vulnerable road users, amending Directive 2007/46/EC and repealing Directive 2003/120/EC and 2005/66/EC . Off J Eur Union. ,
   Google Scholar
• Fredriksson , R , Rosen , E and Kullgren , A . 2010 . Priorities of pedestrian protection—a real-life study of severe injuries and car sources . Accid Anal Prev. , 42 : 1672 – 1681 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han , Y , Yang , J K Nishimoto , K . 2011 . Finite element analysis of kinematic behaviour and injuries to pedestrians in vehicle collisions . Int J Crashworthiness , 17 ( 2 ) : 141 – 152 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hannawald , L and Kauer , F . 2004 . Equal Effectiveness Study on Pedestrian Protection , Dresden , , Germany : Technische Universitat .
   Google Scholar
• Ivarsson , J , Lessley , D Kerrigan , J . Dynamic response corridors and injury thresholds of the pedestrian lower extremities . Paper presented at: International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact , pp. 22 – 24 . Graz , , Austria September
   Google Scholar
• Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association . Injury threshold for the Flex-PLI tibia bending moment (JAMA-Proposal) . Paper presented at: 7th Meeting of the GRSP Flex PLI Technical Evaluation Group , Bergisch Gladbach , , Germany December 8
   Google Scholar
• Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association . Injury criteria for tibia (JAMA Proposal) . Paper presented at: 8th Meeting of the GRSP Flex PLI Technical Evaluation Group , Cologne , , Germany May 19
   Google Scholar
• Kawahara , S , Hosokawa , T , Okada , K and Mizuno , K . 2007 . Finite Element Analysis of Pedestrian Lower Extremity Injuries in Car-to-Pedestrian Impacts Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers, SAE Paper 2007-01-0755
   Google Scholar
• Kerrigan , J , Arregui , C and Crandall , J . Pedestrian head impact dynamics: comparison of dummy and PMHS in small sedan and lager SUV impacts . Paper presented at: 21st International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles Conference (ESV) , Stuttgart , , Germany June 15–18
   Google Scholar
• Kerrigan , J R , Bhalla , K S , Madeley , N J , Funk , J R , Bose , D and Crandall , J R . 2003 . Experiments for Establishing Pedestrian-Impact Lower Limb Injury Criteria Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers, SAE Technical Paper 2003-01-0895
   Google Scholar
• Kerrigan , J R , Murphy , D B , Drinkwater , D C , Kam , C Y , Bose , D and Crandall , J R . Kinematic corridors for PMHS tested in full-scale pedestrian impact tests . Paper presented at: 19th International Technical of Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles , Lyon , , France June 6–9
   Google Scholar
• Kong , C and Yang , J . 2010 . Logistic regression analysis of pedestrian casualty risk in passenger vehicle collisions in China . Accid Anal Prev , 42 : 987 – 993 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu , X and Wagner , J . 2002 . Design of a vibration isolation actuator for automotive seating systems—Part II: controller design and actuator performance . Int J Veh Des , 29 : 357 – 375 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu , X and Yang , J . 2003 . Effects of vehicle impact velocity and front-end structure on dynamic responses of child pedestrians . Traffic Inj Prev , 4 : 337 – 344 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Longhitano , D , Henary , B , Bhalla , K , Ivarsson , J and Crandall , J . 2005 . Influence of Vehicle Body Type on Pedestrian Injury Distribution Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers, SAE Paper No. 2005-01-1876
   Google Scholar
• Maeno , T and Hasegawa , J . Development of a finite element model of the total human model for safety (THUMS) and application to car-pedestrian impacts. Paper presented at: The 17th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV) , Amsterdam , , The Netherlands June 4–7
   Google Scholar
• Mertz , H J , Patrick , L M and Irwin , A L . 1997 . Injury Risk Curve for Children and Adults in Front and Rear Collision Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers, SAE Paper No. 973318
   Google Scholar
• Mizuno , K and Kajzer , J . 2000 . Head Injuries in Vehicle–Pedestrian Impact , Society of Automotive Engineers . Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers, SAE Paper No. 2000-01- 0157
   Google Scholar
• Mizuno , Y. Summary of IHRA Pedestrian safety WG activities—proposed test methods to evaluate pedestrian protection afforded by passenger cars . Paper presented at: 19th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles , Washington , , DC June 6–9
   Google Scholar
• National Highway Traffic Safety Administration . 1995 . Final Economic Assessment, FMVSS No. 201, Upper Interior Head Protection Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
   Google Scholar
• National Highway Traffic Safety Administration . 2008 . “ Department of Transportation ” . In Consumer Information; New Car Assessment Program Docket No. NHTSA-2006–26555-0114
   Google Scholar
• National Highway Traffic Safety Administration . 2009 . Traffic Safety Factors 2008 Data Washington, DC: NHTSA's National Center for Statistics and Analysis, DOT. HS 811 163
   Google Scholar
• National Police Agency . 2011 . Statistics of Road Traffic Accidents in Japan (2010) , Tokyo , , Japan : National Police Agency .
   Google Scholar
• Oh , C , Kang , Y S and Kim , W . 2008 . Assessing the safety benefits of an advanced vehicular technology for protecting pedestrians . Accid Anal Prev , 40 : 935 – 942 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otte , D . Head impact conditions and injury pattern in car crashes against pedestrians versus bicyclists in German In-Depth-Accident Study GIDAS . Paper presented at: the International Crashworthiness Conference (ICRASH) , Washington , DC September 22–25
   Google Scholar
• Pintar , FA , Yoganandan , N Hines , M H . 1997 . Chestband Analysis of Human Tolerance to Side Impact Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers; SAE Paper No. 973320
   Google Scholar
• Rosén , E , Kallhammer , J-E , Eriksson , D , Nentwich , M , Fredriksson , R and Smith , K . 2010 . Pedestrian injury mitigation by autonomous braking . Accid Anal Prev. , 42 : 1949 – 1957 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosén , E and Sander , U . 2009 . Pedestrian fatality risk as a function of car impact speed . Accid Anal Prev. , 41 : 536 – 542 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Traffic Administration Bureau of China . 2007 . Statistics of Road Traffic Accidents in PR of China (2006) , Beijing : Ministry of Public Security .
   Google Scholar
• Traffic Administration Bureau of China (TABC) . 2001 . Statistics of Road Traffic Accidents in PR of China (2000) , 48 – 49 . Beijing : Ministry of Public Security . (in Chinese)
   Google Scholar
• Traffic Administration Bureau of China (TABC) . 2002 . Statistics of Road Traffic Accidents in PR of China (2001) , 53 – 54 . Beijing : Ministry of Public Security . (in Chinese)
   Google Scholar
• Traffic Administration Bureau of China (TABC) . 2003 . Statistics of Road Traffic Accidents in PR of China (2002) , 57 – 58 . Beijing : Ministry of Public Security . (in Chinese)
   Google Scholar
• Traffic Administration Bureau of China (TABC) . 2004 . Statistics of Road Traffic Accidents in PR of China (2003) , 54 – 55 . Beijing : Ministry of Public Security . (in Chinese)
   Google Scholar
• Traffic Administration Bureau of China (TABC) . 2005 . Statistics of Road Traffic Accidents in PR of China (2004) , 58 – 59 . Beijing : Ministry of Public Security . (in Chinese)
   Google Scholar
• Traffic Administration Bureau of China (TABC) . 2006 . Statistics of Road Traffic Accidents in PR of China (2005) , 38 – 39 . Beijing : Ministry of Public Security . (in Chinese)
   Google Scholar
• Traffic Administration Bureau of China (TABC) . 2007 . Statistics of Road Traffic Accidents in PR of China (2006) , 37 – 38 . Beijing : Ministry of Public Security . (in Chinese)
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Economic and Social Council . Proposal for amendments to global technical regulation No. 9 ECE/TRANS/WP.29/ GRSP/2010/2 .
   Google Scholar
• Untaroiu , C D , Shin , J Ivarsson , J . 2008 . A study of the pedestrian impact kinematics using finite element dummy models: the corridors and dimensional analysis scaling of upper-body trajectories . Int J Crashworthiness. , 13 : 469 – 478 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Versace , J . A review of the severity index . Paper presented at: 15th Stapp Car Crash Conference , November 17–19 San Diego , , Calif
   Google Scholar
• Walz , F H , Hoefliger , M and Fehlmann , W . Speed limit reduction from 60 to 50 km/h and pedestrian injuries . Proceedings of the 27th Stapp Car Crash Conference With International Research Committee on the Biokinetics of Impact (IRCOBI) , pp. 277 – 285 . Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers
   Google Scholar
• Xu , J , Li , Y B , Lu , G Q and Zhou , W . 2009 . Reconstruction model of vehicle impact speed in pedestrian–vehicle accident . Int J Impact Eng. , 36 : 783 – 788 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yaksich , SJ. 1964 . Pedestrians with Mileage: A Study of Elderly Pedestrian Accidents in St. Petersburg Florida , Washington , DC : American Automobile Association, Traffic Engineering and Safety Department .
   Google Scholar
• Yang , J K . 2005 . Review of injury biomechanics in car–pedestrian collisions . Int J Veh Saf. , 1 : 100 – 116 .
   Google Scholar
• Yasuki , T and Yamamae , Y . 2010 . Validation of kinematics and lower extremity injuries estimated by Total Human Model for Safety in SUV to pedestrian impact test . J Biomech Sci Eng. , 5 : 340 – 356 .
   Google Scholar