394
Views
16
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

The Effects of Primary Enforcement Laws and Fine Levels on Seat Belt Usage in the United States

, , , &
Pages 640-644 | Received 11 Feb 2013, Accepted 15 Oct 2013, Published online: 27 May 2014

References

  • Campbell BJ, Stewart JR, Campbell FA. 1985–1986 Experience With Belt Laws in the United States. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina, Highway Safety Research Institute; 1987.
  • Goryl ME, Cynecki MJ. Restraint System Use in the Traffic Population. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; 1985. DOT HS 806 714.
  • Houston DJ, Richardson LE. Getting Americans to buckle up: the efficacy of state seat belt laws. Accid Anal Prev. 2005;37:1114–1120.
  • Nichols JL, Ledingham K. The Impact of Legislation, Enforcement, and Sanctions on Safety Belt Use. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board of the National Academies; 2008. NCHRP Report 601.
  • Nichols JL, Ledingham KA, Preusser DF. Effectiveness of the May 2005 Rural Demonstration Program and the Click It or Ticket Mobilization in the Great Lakes Region. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; 2007. DOT HS 810 753.
  • Nichols JL, Tippetts AS, Fell JC, Auld-Owens A, Wiliszowski CH, Haseltine PW, Eichelberger A. . Washington, D.C.: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; 2010. DOT HS 811 413.
  • Nichols JL, Tison J, Solomon MG, Ledingham KA, Preusser DF. Evaluation of a Rural Demonstration Program to Increase Seat Belt Use in the Great Lakes Region. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; 2009. DOT HS 811 084.
  • Phillips BM. Safety Belt Usage Among Drivers; Use of Child Restraint Devices. Passenger Safety Belts and Position of Passengers in Cars; Motorcycle Helmet Use. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; 1980. DOT HS 7 01736.
  • Pickerell TM, Ye TJ. Seat Belt Use in 2008—Overall Results. Traffic Safety Facts: Research Note. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; 2008. DOT HS 811 036.
  • Salzberg PM, Moffat JM. Ninety-five percent: an evaluation of law, policy, and programs to promote seat belt use in Washington State. J Saf Res. 2004;35:215–222.
  • Solomon MG, Chaffe HB, Cosgrove LA. May 2004 Click It or Ticket Seat Belt Mobilization Evaluation. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; 2007. DOT HS 810 716.
  • Solomon MG, Nissen WJ, Preusser DF. Occupant Protection Special Traffic Enforcement Program Evaluation. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; 1999. DOT HS 808 884.
  • Solomon MG, Ulmer RG, Preusser DF. Evaluation of Click It or Ticket Model Programs. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; 2002. DOT HS 809 498.
  • Tison J, Solomon MG, Nichols J, Gilbert S, Siegler J, Cosgrove L. May 2006 Click It or Ticket Seat Belt Mobilization Evaluation. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; 2008. DOT HS 810 979.
  • U.S. Congress. Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century, Pub. L. 105–178, 112 Stet. 107, Enacted June 9, 1998.
  • Williams AF, Reinfurt D, Wells JK. Increasing seat belt use in North Carolina. J Saf Res. 1996;27:33–41.
  • Winnicki J. Safety Belt Use Laws: Evaluation of Primary Enforcement and Other Provisions. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; 1995. DOT HS 808 324.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.