Risk of Permanent Medical Impairment (RPMI) in Car Crashes Correlated to Age and Gender

References

• Amoros E, Brosnan MC, Wegman F, Perez C, Segui M. Reporting on Serious Road Traffic Casualties. Paris, France: International Traffic Safety Data and Analysis Group; 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Amoros E, Martin JL, Chiron M, Laumon B. Road crash casualties: characteristics of police injury severity misclassification. J Trauma. 2007;62:482–490.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amoros E, Martin JL, Laumon B. Under-reporting of road crash casualties in France. Accid Anal Prev. 2006;38:627–635.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. Injury Impairment Scale (IIS). Des Plaines, IL: Author; 1994.
   Google Scholar
• Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. Abbreviated Injury Scale. Barrington, IL: Author; 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Augenstein J, Digges K, Bahouth G, Dalmotas D, Perdeck E, Stratton J. Investigation of the performance of safety systems for protection of the elderly. Annu Proc Assoc Adv Automot Med. 2005;49:361–369.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bedard M, Guyatt GH, Stones MJ, Hirdes JP. The independent contribution of driver, crash, and vehicle characteristics to driver fatalities. Accid Anal Prev. 2002;34:717–727.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berecki-Gisolf J, Collie A, McClure R. Work disability after road traffic injury in a mixed population with and without hospitalisation. Accid Anal Prev. 2012;51:129–134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohman K, Stigson H, Krafft M. Long-term medical consequences for child occupants 0 to 12 years injured in car crashes. Traffic Inj Prev. 2014;15:370–378.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradford M, Thomas P, Chambers D. Conversion of AIS 85 to AIS 90 and the application of the injury impairment scale to real-world crash data. Paper presented at: Thirty-Eighth Annual Conference of the Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine; September 21–23, 1994; Lyon, France.
   Google Scholar
• Braver ER, Trempel RE. Are older drivers actually at higher risk of involvement in collisions resulting in deaths or non-fatal injuries among their passengers and other road users? Inj Prev. 2004;10:27–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlsson A. Evaluation of 2+1 Roads With Cable Barrier. Linköping, Sweden: VTI; 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Chang F, Carlsson A, Lemmen P, et al. EvaRID: a dummy model representing females in rear end impacts. Paper presented at: Whiplash 2010, 3rd International Conference; November 18–20, 2010; Munich, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Davidsson J, Svensson MY, Flogård A, et al. BioRID I—a new biofidelic rear impact dummy. In: Proceedings of the 1998 International Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact (IRCOBI), Göteborg, Sweden, 1988.
   Google Scholar
• Evans L, Gerrish P. Gender and age influence on fatality risk from the same physical impact determined using two-car crashes. Warrendale, PA: SAE; 2001. SAE Technical Paper 2001-01-1174.
   Google Scholar
• Funk JR, Cormier JM, Gabler HC. Effect of delta-V errors in NASS on frontal crash risk calculations. Ann Adv Automot Med. 2008;52:155–164.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hägg A, Kamrén B, v Koch M, et al. Folksam Car Model Safety Ratings 1991–92. Stockholm, Sweden: Folksam; 1992.
   Google Scholar
• Hendriks EJ, Scholten-Peeters GG, van der Windt DA, Neeleman-van der Steen CW, Oostendorp RA, Verhagen AP. Prognostic factors for poor recovery in acute whiplash patients. Pain. 2005;114:408–416.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Humanetics. History of Crash Test Dummies. 2014. http://www.humaneticsatd.com/about-us/dummy-history. Accessed January 16, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• IBM. SPSS [computer program]. Armonk, NY: IBM Corporation; 2013. Available at: http://www-01.ibm.com/software/analytics/spss/. Accessed November 25, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Jakobsson L. Whiplash injuries: current concepts in prevention, diagnoses and treatment of the cervical whiplash syndrome. In: Gunzberg R, Szpalski M, ed. Automobile Design and Whiplash Prevention. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott-Raven Publishers; 1998:299–306.
   Google Scholar
• Jakobsson L, Lundell B, Norin H, Isaksson-Hellman I. WHIPS—Volvo's Whiplash Protection Study. Accid Anal Prev. 2000;32:307–319.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jost G, Allsop R, Steriu M, Popolizio M. 2010 Road Safety Target Outcome. Brussels, Belgium: European Transport Safety Council; 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Jost G, Popoluzio M, Allsop R, Eksler V. Countdown to 2010— Only two more years to act, 2nd Road Safety PIN Report. Brussels, Belgium: European Transport Safety Council; 2008. Available at: http://etsc.eu/wp-content/uploads/2nd-PIN-Annual-Report-2008.pdf. Accessed November 25, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Kanis J. Assessment of Osteoporosis at the Primary Health Care Level. Sheffield, UK: University of Sheffield; 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Keall MD, Frith WJ. Characteristics and risks of drivers with low annual distance driven. Traffic Inj Prev. 2006;7(3):248–255.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kelley-Baker T, Romano E. Female involvement in US nonfatal crashes under a three-level hierarchical crash model. Accid Anal Prev. 2010;42:2007–2012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kent R, Henary B, Matsuoka F. On the fatal crash experience of older drivers. Annu Proc Assoc Adv Automot Med. 2005;49:371–391.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kent R, Trowbridge M, Lopez-Valdes F, Ordoyo R, Segui-Gomez M. How many people are injured and killed as a result of aging? Frailty, fragility, and the elderly risk–exposure tradeoff assessed via a risk saturation model. Ann Adv Automot Med. 2009;53:41–50.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kullgren A, Krafft M. Gender analysis on whiplash seat effectiveness: Results from real-world crashes. Paper presented at the International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. Hannover, Germany; 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Kullgren A, Stigson H, Krafft M. Development of whiplash associated disorders for male and female car occupants in cars launched since the 80s in different impact directions. Paper presented at: IRCOBI Conference; September 11–13, 2013; Gothenburg, Sweden.
   Google Scholar
• Lardelli-Claret P, Luna-del-Castillo J, Jiménez-Mejías E, et al. Comparison of two methods to assess the effect of age and sex on the risk of car crashes. Accid Anal Prev. 2011;43:1555–1561.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li G, Baker SP, Langlois JA, Kelen GD. Are female drivers safer? An application of the decomposition method. Epidemiology. 1998;9:379–384.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li G, Braver ER, Chen LH. Fragility versus excessive crash involvement as determinants of high death rates. Accid Anal Prev. 2003;35(2):227–235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mackenzie EJ, Damiano A, Miller T, Luchter S. The development of the Functional Capacity Index. J Trauma. 1996;41:799–807.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malm S, Krafft M, Kullgren A, Ydenius A, Tingvall C. Risk of permanent medical impairment (RPMI) in road traffic accidents. Ann Adv Automot Med. 2008;52:93–100.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martin JL, Lenguerrand E. A population based estimation of the driver protection provided by passenger cars: France 1996–2005. Accid Anal Prev. 2008;40:1811–1821.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAndrews C, Beyer K, Guse CE, Layde P. Revisiting exposure: fatal and non-fatal traffic injury risk across different populations of travelers in Wisconsin, 2001–2009. Accid Anal Prev. 2013;60c:103–112.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meuleners LB, Harding A, Lee AH, Legge M. Fragility and crash over-representation among older drivers in Western Australia. Accid Anal Prev. 2006;38:1006–1010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris A, Welsh R, Frampton R, Charlton J, Fildes B. An overview of requirements for the crash protection of older drivers. Annu Proc Assoc Adv Automot Med. 2002;46:141–156.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morris A, Welsh R, Hassan A. Requirements for the crash protection of older vehicle passengers. Annu Proc Assoc Adv Automot Med. 2003;47:165–180.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ndiaye A, Chambost M, Chiron M. The fatal injuries of car drivers. Forensic Sci Int. 2009;184(1–3):21–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norin H, Krafft M, Korner J, Nygren A, Tingvall C. Injury severity assessment for car occupants in frontal impacts, using disability scaling. J Clin Epidemiol. 1997;50:95–103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SARTRE 3 Consortium. SARTRE 3, European Drivers and Road Risk. Lyon, France: Institut National de Recherche sur le Transports et leur Sécurité INRETS; 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Scholten-Peeters GG, Verhagen AP, Bekkering GE, et al. Prognostic factors of whiplash-associated disorders: a systematic review of prospective cohort studies. Pain. 2003;104:303–322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sekizuka M. Seat designs for whiplash injury lessening. Paper presented at: 16th Int. Techn. Conf. on ESV; May 31–June 4, 1998; Windsor, Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Siman-Tov M, Radomislensky I, Peleg K. Reduction in trauma mortality in Israel during the last decade (2000–2010): the impact of changes in the trauma system. Injury. 2013;44:1448–1452.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spitzer W, Skovron M, Salmi L, et al. Scientific monograph of the Quebec Task Force on Whiplash-Associated Disorders: redefining “whiplash” and its management. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1995;20(8 Suppl):1s–73s.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stigson H. Evaluation of safety ratings of roads based on frontal crashes with known crash pulse and injury outcome. Traffic Inj Prev. 2009;10(3):273–278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stigson H, Kullgren A, Rosen E. Injury risk functions in frontal impacts using data from crash pulse recorders. Ann Adv Automot Med. 2012;56:267–276.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Styrke J, Stalnacke BM, Bylund PO, Sojka P, Bjornstig U. A 10-year incidence of acute whiplash injuries after road traffic crashes in a defined population in northern Sweden. Pm R. 2012;4:739–747.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sveriges Försäkringsförbund. Medicinsk Invaliditet-Skador 2013. Stockholm, Sweden; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Taillandier J, Langue F, Alemanni M, Taillandier-Heriche E. Mortality and functional outcomes of pelvic insufficiency fractures in older patients. Joint Bone Spine. 2003;70(4):287–289.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tavris DR, Kuhn EM, Layde PM. Age and gender patterns in motor vehicle crash injuries: importance of type of crash and occupant role. Accid Anal Prev. 2001;33(2):167–172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Temming J, Zobel R. Frequency and risk of cervical spine distortion injuries in passenger car accidents: significance of human factors data. Paper presented at: 1998 IRCOBI Conference; September 16–18, 1998; Gothenburg, Sweden.
   Google Scholar
• Tingvall C, Krafft M, Kullgren A, Stigson H. The consequences of adopting a MAIS 3 injury target for road safety in the EU: a comparison with targets based on fatalities and long-term consequences. Paper presented at: IRCOBI Conference, September 11–13, 2013; Gothenburg, Sweden.
   Google Scholar
• Wiklund K, Larsson H. SAAB Active Head Restraint (SAHR)—Seat Design to Reduce the Risk of Neck Injuries in Rear Impacts. Warrendale, PA: SAE; 1997. SAE Paper 980297.
   Google Scholar
• Ydenius A. Frontal crash severity in different road environments measured in real-world crashes. Int J Crashworthiness. 2009;14:525–532.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ydenius A. Influence of crash pulse characteristics on injury risk in frontal impacts based on real-life crashes. Traffic Inj Prev. 2010;11:526–534.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar