References
- American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma. Resources for Optimal Care of the Injured Patient. Chicago, IL: American College of Surgeons; 2006.
- Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. The Abbreviated Injury Scale. Barrington, IL: Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine; 2001.
- Augenstein J, Digges K, Ogata S, Perdeck E, Stratton J. Development and validation of the URGENCY algorithm to predict compelling injuries. Paper presented at: 17th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles; June 4–7, 2001; Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Augenstein J, Perdeck E, Bahouth GT, Digges KH, Borchers N, Baur P. Injury identification: priorities for data transmitted. Paper presented at: 19th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles; June 6–9, 2005; Washington, DC.
- Augenstein J, Perdeck E, Stratton J, Digges K, Bahouth G. Characteristics of crashes that increase the risk of serious injuries. Ann Adv Automot Med. 2003;47:561–576.
- Augenstein J, Perdeck E, Stratton J, Digges K, Steps J, Bahouth G. Validation of the urgency algorithm for near-side crashes. Ann Adv Automot Med. 2002;46:305–314.
- Austin RA, Faigin BM. Effect of vehicle and crash factors on older occupants. J Safety Res. 2003;34:441–452.
- Bachman LR, Preziotti GR. Automated Collision Notification (ACN) Field Operational Test (FOT) Evaluation Report. Washington, DC: NHTSA, US Department of Transportation; 2001. US DOT HS 809 304.
- Bahouth GT, Digges KH, Bedewi NE, Kuznetsov A, Augenstein JS, Perdeck E. Development of URGENCY 2.1 for the prediction of crash injury severity. Top Emerg Med. 2004;26(2):157–165.
- Bahouth GT, Digges K, Schulman C. Influence of injury risk thresholds on the performance of an algorithm to predict crashes with serious injuries. Ann Adv Automot Med. 2012;56:223–230.
- Champion H, Augenstein J, Blatt A, et al. New tools to reduce deaths and disabilities by improving emergency care: URGENCY software, occult injury warnings, and air medical services database. Paper presented at: 19th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicle; June 6–9, 2005; Washington, DC.
- Clark DE. Effect of population density on mortality after motor vehicle collisions. Accid Anal Prev. 2003;35:965–971.
- Clark DE, Cushing BM. Predicted effect of automatic crash notification on traffic mortality. Accid Anal Prev. 2002;34:507–513.
- Clark DE, Cushing BM. Rural and urban traffic fatalities, vehicle miles, and population density. Accid Anal Prev. 2004;36:967–972.
- daSilva MP. Analysis of Event Data Recorder Data for Vehicle Safety Improvement. Washington, DC: US Department of Transportation; 2008. DOT-VNTSC-NHTSA-08-01.
- Digges K, Eigen A. Classification of rollovers according to crash severity. Annu Proc Assoc Adv Automot Med. 2006;50:141–153.
- Doud AN, Weaver AA, Talton JW, et al. Has the incidence of thoracolumbar spine injuries increased in the United States from 1998 to 2011? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2015;473:297–304.
- Gabauer DJ, Gabler HC. Comparison of delta-V and occupant impact velocity crash severity metrics using event data recorders. Ann Adv Automot Med. 2006;50:57–71.
- Gabauer DJ, Gabler HC. Comparison of roadside crash injury metrics using event data recorders. Accid Anal Prev. 2008;40:548–558.
- Gabler HC, Gabauer DJ, Newell HL, O’Neill M. Use of Event Data Recorder (EDR) Technology for Highway Crash Data Analysis. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board; 2004. NCHRP Project 17-24 Final Report.
- Gabler HC, Hampton CE, Hinch J. Crash severity: a comparison of event data recorder measurements with accident reconstruction estimates. Paper presented at: Society of Automotive Engineers World Congress & Exhibition; March 8–11, 2004; Detroit, MI.
- Gabler HC, Hampton CE, Roston T. Estimating crash severity: can event data recorders replace crash reconstruction? Paper presented at: Enhanced Safety of Vehicle Conference; 2003; Nagoya, Japan.
- Hampton CE, Gabler HC. Evaluation of the accuracy of NASS/CDS delta-V estimates from the enhanced WinSMASH algorithm. Ann Adv Automot Med. 2010;54:241–252.
- Hertz E. A note on the head injury criterion (HIC) as a predictor of the risk of skull fracture. Ann Adv Automot Med. 1993;37:303–312.
- Hill JR, Mackay GM, Morris AP. Chest and abdominal injuries caused by seat belt loading. Accid Anal Prev. 1994;26:11–26.
- Hosmer DW, Lemeshow S, May S. Applied Survival Analysis: Regression Modeling of Time-to-Event Data. 2nd ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons; 2011.
- Hosmer DW, Lemeshow S, Sturdivant RX. Applied Logistic Regression. 3rd ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons; 2013.
- Kaufman RP, Ching RP, Willis MM, Mack CD, Gross JA, Bulger EM. Burst fractures of the lumbar spine in frontal crashes. Accid Anal Prev. 2013;59:153–163.
- Kemper AR, Stitzel JD, McNally C, Gabler HC, Duma SM. Biomechanical response of the human clavicle: the effects of loading direction on bending properties. J Appl Biomech. 2009;25(2):165–174.
- Kent RW, Funk JR. Data censoring and parametric distribution assignment in the development of injury risk functions from biomechanical data. Paper presented at: Society of Automotive Engineers World Congress; March 8–11, 2004; Detroit, MI.
- Kononen DW, Flannagan CA, Wang SC. Identification and validation of a logistic regression model for predicting serious injuries associated with motor vehicle crashes. Accid Anal Prev. 2011;43:112–122.
- Kullgren A, Krafft M, Tingvall C, Lie A. Combining crash recorder and paired comparison technique: injury risk functions in frontal and rear impacts with special reference to neck injuries. Paper presented at: 18th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles; May 19–22, 2003; Nagoya, Japan.
- Lahausse JA, Fildes BN, Page Y, Fitzharris MP. The potential for automatic crash notification systems to reduce road fatalities. Annu Proc Assoc Adv Automot Med. 2008;52:85–92.
- Laituri TR, Henry S, Kachnowski B, Sullivan K. Initial assessment of the next-generation USA frontal NCAP: fidelity of various risk curves for estimating field injury rates of belted drivers. Paper presented at: Society of Automotive Engineers World Congress; April 20–23, 2009; Detroit, MI.
- Malliaris AC, Digges KH, DeBlois JH. Relationships between crash casualties and crash attributes. Paper presented at: Society of Automotive Engineers International Congress & Exposition; February 24–27, 1997; Detroit, MI.
- Mertz HJ, Nuscholtz G, Prasad P. Head injury risk assessment for forehead impacts. Paper presented at: Society of Automotive Engineers International Congress & Exposition; Februrary 1996.
- Mertz HJ, Prasad P, Irwin AL. Injury risk curves for children and adults in frontal and rear collisions. Paper presented at: 41st Stapp Car Crash Conference; November 13–14, 1997; Orlando, FL.
- Mertz HJ, Weber DA. Interpretations of the impact responses of a 3-year-old child dummy relative to child injury potential. Paper presented at: 9th International Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles; November 1–4, 1982; Kyoto, Japan.
- NHTSA. Event Data Recorders; Final Rule. Washington, DC: Department of Transportation; 2006. 49 CFR Part 563. NHTSA-2006-25666.
- NHTSA. National Automotive Sampling System. Washington, DC: Department of Transportation; 2011.
- NHTSA. Traffic Safety Facts 2011. Washington, DC: National Center for Statistics and Analysis; 2011. DOT HS 811 754.
- NHTSA Office of Regulatory Analysis & Evaluation Plans and Policy. Final Economic Assessment, FMVSS No. 208: Advanced Air Bags. Washington, DC: Department of Transportation; 2000.
- Niehoff P, Gabler HC. The accuracy of WinSMASH delta-V estimates: the influence of vehicle type, stiffness, and impact mode. Annu Proc Assoc Adv Automot Med. 2006;50:73–89.
- Niehoff P, Gabler HC, Brophy J, Chidester C, Hinch J, Ragland C. Evaluation of event data recorders in full systems crash tests. Paper presented at: 19th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles; June 6–9, 2005; Washington, DC.
- Nuscholtz G, Mosier R. Consistent threshold estimate for doubly censored biomechanical data. Paper presented at: Society of Automotive Engineers International Congress & Exposition; March 1–4, 1999; Detroit, MI.
- O’Donnell CJ, Connor DH. Predicting the severity of motor vehicle accident injuries using models of ordered multiple choice. Accid Anal Prev. 1996;28:739–753.
- Petitjean A, Trosseille X, Petit P, Irwin A, Hassan J, Praxl N. Injury risk curves for the WorldSID 50th male dummy. Stapp Car Crash J. 2009;53:443–476.
- Pieske O, Lob G, Messner G, Lange W, Haberl J. ACN (automatic collision notification)—reducing fatalities in traffic accidents by automated accident reporting. Kongressbd Dtsch Ges Chir Kongr. 2002;119:546–548.
- Porter RS, Zhao N. Patterns of injury in belted and unbelted individuals presenting to a trauma center after motor vehicle crash: seat belt syndrome revisited. Ann Emerg Med. 1998;32:418–424.
- Prasad P, Mertz HJ, Dalmotas DJ, Augenstein JS, Digges K. Evaluation of the field relevance of several injury risk functions. Stapp Car Crash J. 2010;54:49–72.
- Rauscher S, Messner G, Baur P, et al. Enhanced automatic collision notification system—improved rescue care due to injury prediction—first field experience. Paper presented at: 21st International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles; June 15–18, 2009; Stuttgart, Germany.
- Rupp JD, Flannagan CA, Kuppa SM. An injury risk curve for the hip for use in frontal impact crash testing. J Biomech. 2010a;43:527–531.
- Rupp JD, Flannagan CA, Kuppa SM. Injury risk curves for the skeletal knee–thigh–hip complex for knee-impact loading. Accid Anal Prev. 2010b;42:153–158.
- Schoell SL, Doud AN, Weaver AA, et al. Development of a time sensitivity score for frequently occurring motor vehicle crash injuries. J Am Coll Surg. 2015a;220(3):305–312.
- Schoell SL, Doud AN, Weaver AA, et al. Predicting patients who require care at a trauma center: analysis of injuries and other factors. Injury. 2015b;46(4):558–63.
- Schoell SL, Weaver AA, Stitzel JD. Development of an occult metric for common motor vehicle crash injuries—biomed 2013. Biomed Sci Instrum. 2013;49:274–280.
- Sharma D, Stern S, Brophy J, Choi E. An overview of NHTSA's crash reconstruction software WinSMASH. Paper presented at: 20th International Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles; 2007.
- Stigson H, Kullgren A, Rosen E. Injury risk functions in frontal impacts using data from crash pulse recorders. Ann Adv Automot Med. 2012;56:267–276.
- Tsoi A, Hinch J, Ruth R, Gabler HC. Validation of event data recorders in high severity full-frontal crash tests. Paper presented at: Society of Automotive Engineers World Congress & Exhibition; April 16–18, 2013; Detroit, MI.
- Weaver AA, Barnard RT, Kilgo PD, Martin RS, Stitzel JD. Mortality-based quantification of injury severity for frequently occurring motor vehicle crash injuries. Ann Adv Automot Med. 2013;57:235–246.
- Wu J, Subramanian R, Craig M, Starnes M, Longthorne A. The effect of earlier or automatic collision notification on traffic mortality by survival analysis. Traffic Inj Prev. 2013;14( Suppl):S50–S57.