Simulator study of young driver's instinctive response of lower extremity to a collision

References

• Beeman SM, Kemper AR, Madigan ML, Franck CT, Loftus SC. Occupant kinematics in low-speed frontal sled tests: human volunteers, Hybrid III ATD, and PMHS. Accid Anal Prev. 2012;47:128–139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behr M, Poumarat G, Serre T, Arnoux PJ, Thollon L, Brunet C. Posture and muscular behaviour in emergency braking: an experimental approach. Accid Anal Prev. 2010;42:797–801.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bose D, Crandall JR, Untaroiu CD, Maslen EH. Influence of pre-collision occupant parameters on injury outcome in a frontal collision. Accid Anal Prev. 2010;42:1398–1407.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang CY. Prediction of the Effects of Lower-Extremity Muscle Forces on Knee, Thigh, and Hip Injuries in Frontal Motor Vehicle Crashes, and Hip Injuries in Frontal Motor Vehicle Crashes [PhD thesis]. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan; 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Choi HY, Sah, SJ, Lee B, et al. Experimental and numerical studies of muscular activations of bracing occupant. Paper presented at: 19th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles; June 6–9, 2005; Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• D'Addario PM, Donmez B, Ising KW. EMG provides an earlier glimpse into the effects of cognitive distraction on brake motor response. Paper presented at: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting; October 27–31, 2014; Chicago, IL.
   Google Scholar
• Hardin EC, Su A, van den Bogert AJ. Foot and ankle forces during an automobile collision: the influence of muscles. J Biomech. 2004;37:637–644.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermens HJ, Freriks B, Disselhorst-Klug C, Rau G. Development of recommendations for SEMG sensors and sensor placement procedures. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2000;10:361–374.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hislop HJ, Montgomery J. Muscle Testing and Function. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Jurecki R, Stańczyk TL. Driver model for the analysis of pre-accident situations. Vehicle Syst Dyn. 2009;47:589–612.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jurecki R, Stańczyk TL, Jaśkiewicz MJ. Driver's reaction time in a simulated, complex road incident. Transport. 2014 (ahead of print).
   Google Scholar
• Kendall FP, McCreary EK, Provance PG, Rodgers MM, Romani WA. Muscles: Testing and Function, with Posture and Pain. 5th ed. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Kumar S, Narayan Y, Amell T. Analysis of low velocity frontal impacts. Clin Biomech. 2003;18:694–703.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leung S, Croft RJ, Jackson ML, Howard ME, Mckenzie RJ. A comparison of the effect of mobile phone use and alcohol consumption on driving simulation performance. Traffic Inj Prev. 2012;13:566–574.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lie A, Tingvall C, Krafft M, Kullgren A. The effectiveness of ESP (electronic stability program) in reducing real life accidents. Traffic Inj Prev. 2004;5:37–41.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liebermann DG, Ben-David G, Schweitzer N, Apter Y, Parush A. A field study on braking responses during driving. I. Triggering and modulation. Ergonomics. 1995;38:1894–1902.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin PL, Audet T, Corriveau H, Hamel M, D'Amours M, Smeesters C. Comparison between younger and older drivers of the effect of obstacle direction on the minimum obstacle distance to brake and avoid a motor vehicle accident. Accid Anal Prev. 2010;42:1144–1150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGehee DV, Carsten OM. Perception and biodynamics in unalerted precrash response. Ann Adv Automot Med. 2010;54:315–331.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Philip P, Sagaspe P, Moore N, et al. Fatigue, sleep restriction and driving performance. Accid Anal Prev. 2005;37:473–478.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudd RW, Sieveka EM, Crandall JR, Pellettiere J, Lynn S, Keller J. Lower Extremity and Brake Pedal Interaction in Frontal Collisions: Sled Tests. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers; 1998. Paper No. 980359.
   Google Scholar
• Sandoval AE. Electrodiagnostics for low back pain. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2010;21:767–776.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seto Y, Minegishi K, Yang Z, Kobayashi T. Research on detection of braking reactions in emergency situations. Vehicle Syst Dyn. 2004;41:784–790.
   Google Scholar
• Warshawsky-Livne L, Shinar D. Effects of uncertainty, transmission type, driver age and gender on brake reaction and movement time. J Safety Res. 2002;33:117–128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss AD. The locus of reaction time change with set, motivation, and age. J Gerontol. 1965;20:60–64.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Young MS, Stanton NA. Back to the future: brake reaction times for manual and automated vehicles. Ergonomics. 2007;50:46–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu Z. Theory of Automobile. 5th ed. Beijing, China: China Machine Press; 2009.
   Google Scholar