Difference in dummy responses in matched side impact tests of vehicles with and without side airbags

References

• Augenstein JS, Bowen J, Perdeck E, et al. Injury Patterns in Near-Side Collisions. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers; 2000. SAE 2000-01-0634.
   Google Scholar
• Blaisdell D, Stephens G, Meissner U. Collision Performance of Automotive Door Systems. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers; 1994. SAE Technical Paper 940562.
   Google Scholar
• Blum JJ, Scullion P, Morgan RM, et al. Vehicle related factors that influence injury outcome in head-on collisions. Annu Proc Assoc Adv Automot Med. 2008;52:131–140.
   Google Scholar
• Bonder S, Cleveland DE, Wilson D. Report of the Ad Hoc systems study group, Highway Safety Research Institute report. Ann Arbor, MI: Institute of Science and Technology, The University of Michigan; 1967.
   Google Scholar
• Braver ER, Kyrychenko SY. Efficacy of side air bags in reducing driver deaths in driver-side collisions. Am J Epidemiol. 2004;159:556–564.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brumbelow ML, Mueller BC, Arbelaez RA. Occurrence of serious injury in real-world side impacts of vehicles with good side-impact protection ratings. Traffic Inj Prev. 2015;16(Suppl 1):S125–S132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell ME. Highway Traffic Safety--Is It Possible? Traffic Quarterly. 1965;19(3).
   Google Scholar
• Cesari D, Ramet M, Herry-Martin D. Injury Mechanisms in Side Impact. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers; 1978. SAE 780897.
   Google Scholar
• Chi GYH. Statistical Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 214: Side Door Strength. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; 1980. DOT HS-805 661.
   Google Scholar
• Coimbra R, Conroy C, Hoyt DB, et al. The influence of damage distribution on serious brain injury in occupants in frontal motor vehicle crashes. Accid Anal Prev. 2008;40:1569–1575.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conroy C, Tominaga GT, Erwin S, et al. The influence of vehicle damage on injury severity of drivers in head-on motor vehicle crashes. Accid Anal Prev. 2008;40:1589–1594.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danner JM. Accident and Injury Characteristics in Side-Collisions and Protection Criteria in Respect of Belted Occupants. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers; 1977. SAE 770918.
   Google Scholar
• D'Elia A, Newstead S, Scully J. Evaluation of vehicle side airbag effectiveness in Victoria, Australia. Accid Anal Prev. 2013;54:67–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D'Elia A, Scully J, Newstead S. Evaluation of Vehicle Side Airbag System Effectiveness. VIC, Australia: Monash University, Accident Research Center; 2012. Report No. 312.
   Google Scholar
• Fine T, Dinda S. Development of Lightweight Door Intrusion Beams Utilizing an Ultra-high Strength Steel. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers; 1975. SAE 750222.
   Google Scholar
• Garrett JW. An Evaluation of Door Lock Effectiveness: Pre-1956 vs. post-1955 Automobiles. Ithaca, NY: Automotive Crash Injury Research, Cornell University; 1961.
   Google Scholar
• Hedeen C, Campbell D. Side Impact Structures. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers; 1969. SAE 690003.
   Google Scholar
• Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. Status Report. 1997;32(10).
   Google Scholar
• Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. Special Issue: safety advancements. Status Report. 1999;34(9).
   Google Scholar
• Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. Side Impact: How 12 Small SUVs Fared. Arlington, VA: Author; 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, Surviving side crashes: Side airbags are reducing driver deaths, Special Issue: Side Impact Crashworthiness. Status Report. 2003;38(7). Available at: http://www.iihs.org/iihs/sr/statusreport/article/38/7/1.
   Google Scholar
• Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. Letter to NHTSA regarding “Notice of Proposed Rulemaking Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards; Side Impact Protection; Side Impact Phase-In Reporting Requirements Docket No. NHTSA-2004-17694”, Arlington, VA, October 14, 2004
   Google Scholar
• Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. Surviving side crashes: Side airbags are reducing driver deaths. Status Report. 2006;41(8). Available at: http://www.iihs.org/iihs/sr/statusreport/article/41/8/1
   Google Scholar
• Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. Side Impact Crashworthiness Evaluation Crash Test Protocol (Version VII). Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety; 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson WG. Systems Development. Presentation to the Board of Directors, National Safety Council, Itasca, IL, October 26, 1965.
   Google Scholar
• Jones I. The Effect of Side Door Reinforcement Beams and 5 mph Energy Absorbing Bumpers on Injury Severity. Chicago, IL: Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine; 1977.
   Google Scholar
• Kaane CJ. An Evaluation of Side Structure Improvement in Response to FMVSS 214. Washington, DC: NHTSA; 1982. DOT HS 806 314.
   Google Scholar
• Kahane CJ. Evaluation of FMVSS 214 Side Impact Protection Dynamic Performance Requirement Phase 1: Correlation of TTI(d) with Fatality Risk in Actual Side Impact, Collisions of Model Year 1981–1993 Passenger Cars. Washington, DC: NHTSA; 1999. DOT HS 809 004.
   Google Scholar
• Kahane CJ. An Evaluation of Side Impact Protection FMVSS 214 TTI(d) Improvements and Side Airbags. Washington, DC: NHTSA; 2007. DOT HS 810 748.
   Google Scholar
• Kahane CJ. Updated Estimates of Fatality Reduction by Curtain and Side Airbags in Side Impacts and Preliminary Analyses of Rollover Curtains. Washington, DC: NHTSA; 2014. Report No. DOT HS 811 882. Available at: http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/Pubs/811882.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Kahane CJ. Lives Saved by Vehicle Safety Technologies and Associated Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards, 1960 to 2012 Passenger Cars and LTVs with Reviews of 26 FMVSS and the Effectiveness of Their Associated Safety Technologies in Reducing Fatalities, Injuries, and Crashes. Washington, DC: NHTSA; 2015. DOT HS 812 069.
   Google Scholar
• Lister RD, Nielson IS. Protection of Car Occupants Against Side Impacts. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers; 1969. SAE 690797.
   Google Scholar
• Loftis KL, Weaver AA, Stitzel JD. Investigating the effects of side airbag deployment in real-world crashes using crash comparison techniques. Paper presented at: 55th AAAM Annual Conference Annals of Advances in Automotive Medicine; October 3–5, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Lorenzo L, Burr S, Fennesy-Ketola K. Integrated Inner Door Panel/Energy Absorber Designs for Side Impact Occupant Protection. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers; 1996. SAE 960151.
   Google Scholar
• McCartt AT, Kyrychenko SY. Efficacy of side airbags in reducing driver deaths in driver‐side car and SUV collisions. Traffic Inj Prev. 2007;8(2):162‐170.
   Google Scholar
• McGwin G Jr, Metzger J, Porterfield JR, Moran SG, Rue LW III. Association between side air bags and risk of injury in motor vehicle collisions with near-side impact. J Trauma. 2003;55:430–434.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mellander H, Ivarsson J, Komer J, Nilsson S. Side impact protection system—a description of the technical solutions and the statistical and experimental tools. Paper presented at: 12th International Technical Conference on Enhanced Safety of Vehicles; 1989; Gothenburg, Sweden.
   Google Scholar
• Mertz HJ, Irwin AL, Prasad P. Biomechanical and scaling bases for frontal and side impact injury assessment reference values. Stapp Car Crash J. 2003;47:155–188.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• NHTSA. Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards, Occupant Protection in Interior Impact, Side Impact Protection, Fuel System Integrity, Electric-Powered Vehicles: Electrolyte Spillage and Electrical Shock Protection, Side Impact Phase-In Reporting Requirements. Final Rule, 49 CFR Parts 571 and 585, Rules and Regulations, Federal Register Vol. 72, No. 175, Pg. 51908-51972, September 11, 2007.
   Google Scholar
• NHTSA. Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards, Occupant Protection in Interior Impact, Side Impact Protection, Side Impact Phase-In Reporting Requirements. 49 CFR Parts 571 and 585, Rules and Regulations, Federal Register Vol. 73, No. 111, Pg. 32473-32485, June 9, 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Ridella SA, Viano DC. Significance of Intersection Crashes for Older Drivers. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers; 1996. SAE 960457.
   Google Scholar
• Samaha RR, Elliott DS. NHTSA side impact research: motivation for updated test procedures. Paper presented at: 18th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles; May 19–22, 2003; Nagoya, Japan.
   Google Scholar
• Scarboro M, Rudd R, Socher M. Nearside occupants in low delta-V side impact crashes: analysis of injury and vehicle damage patterns. Paper presented at: Enhanced Safety Vehicles; 2007; Lyon, France.
   Google Scholar
• Severy DM, Mathewson JH, Siegel AW. Automobile Side-Impact Collisions, Series II. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers; 1962. SAE SP-232.
   Google Scholar
• States JD, States DJ. The Pathology and Pathogenesis of Injuries Caused by Lateral Impact Accidents. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers; 1968. SAE 680773.
   Google Scholar
• Stefanopoulos N, Vagianos C, Stavropoulos M, Panagiotopoulos E, Androulakis J. Deformations and intrusions of the passenger compartment as indicators of injury severity and triage in head-on collisions of non-airbag-carrying vehicles. Injury. 2003;34:487–492.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strother CE, Smith GC, James MB, Warner CY. Injury and Intrusion in Side Impacts and Rollovers. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers; 1984. SAE 840403.
   Google Scholar
• Sunnevang C, Rosén E, Bostrom O. Real‐life fatal outcome in car‐to‐car near‐side impacts—implications for improved protection considering age and crash severity. Traffic Inj Prev. 2009;10:194‐203.
   Google Scholar
• Sunnevang C, Sui B, Lindkvist M, Krafft M. Census study of real-life near-side crashes with modern side airbag–equipped vehicles in the United States. Traffic Inj Prev. 2015;16(Suppl 1):S117–S124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teoh E, Lund AK. IIHS side crash test ratings and occupant death risk in real-world crashes, Traffic Inj Prev. 2011;12:500–507.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viano DC, Culver CC, Evans L, Frick M, Scott R. Involvement of older drivers in multi-vehicle side impact crashes. Accid Anal Prev. 1990;22(2):177–188.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viano DC, Parenteau CS. Severe–fatal injury risks in crashes with two front-seat occupants by seatbelt use. Traffic Inj Prev. 2010;11:294–299.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar