Using negative emotional feedback to modify risky behavior of young moped riders

References

• Aare M, Holst H. Injuries from motorcycle and moped crashes in Sweden from 1987 to 1999. Inj Control Saf Promot. 2003;10(3):131–138.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Anderson JR. Learning and Memory: An Integrated Approach. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc; 2000.
   Google Scholar
• BOE (Boletín Oficial del Estado). Real Decreto 818/2009, de 8 de mayo, Reglamento General de Conductores. Madrid, Spain: Ministerio del Interior; 2009. Available at: https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2009-9481 (Accessed November 2, 2016).
   Google Scholar
• Boyle LN, Lee JD. Using driving simulators to assess driving safety. Accid Anal Prev. 2010;42:785–787.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crundall D, Crundall E, Clarke D, Shahar A. Why do car drivers fail to give way to motorcycles at t-junctions? Accid Anal Prev. 2012;44:88–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crundall D, Stedmon AW, Crundall E, Saikayasit R. The role of experience and advanced training on performance in a motorcycle simulator. Accid Anal Prev. 2014;73:81–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delhomme P, Truls V, Thierry M, Harland G, Stina J, Christie N. Evaluated Road Safety Media Campaigns: An Overview of 265 Evaluated Media Campaigns and Some Meta-analysis on Accidents. Paris: Institut national de recherche sur les transports et leur sécurité; 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Direccción General de Tráfico [Spanish General Traffic Directorate]. Tráfico Intensifica la Vigilancia de Motos y Ciclomotores en su Nueva Campaña [Traffic intensifies surveillance to motorbikes and motorcycles in its new campaign]. Madrid, Spain: Ministerio del Interior; 2014. Available at: http://www.dgt.es/Galerias/prensa/2014/05/NP-campana-motos-mayo-2014.pdf Accessed April 19, 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Dirección General de Tráfico [Spanish General Traffic Directorate]. Anuario Estadístico General 2014 [General Statistical Yearbook 2014]. Madrid, Spain: Ministerio del Interior; 2015a. Available at: http://www.dgt.es/es/seguridad-vial/estadisticas-e-indicadores/parque-vehiculos/series-historicas/.
   Google Scholar
• Dirección General de Tráfico. Las Principales Cifras de la Siniestralidad Vial. España 2014. Madrid, Spain: Ministerio del Interior; 2015b.
   Google Scholar
• Di Stasi LL, Álvarez-Valbuena V, Cañas JJ, et al. Risk behaviour and mental workload: multimodal assessment techniques applied to motorbike riding simulation. Transp Res Part F Traffic Psychol Behav. 2009;12:361–370.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Stasi LL, Renner R, Catena A, Cañas JJ, Velichkovsky BM, Pannasch S. Towards a driver fatigue test based on the saccadic main sequence: a partial validation by subjective report data. Transp Res Part C Emerg Technol. 2012;21:122–133.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elder RW, Shults RA, Sleet DA, Nichols JL, Thompson RS, Rajab W, and the Task Force on Community Preventive Services. Effectiveness of mass media campaigns for reducing drinking and driving and alcohol-involved crashes: a systematic review. Am J Prev Med. 2004;27:57–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott B. Road Safety Mass Media Campaigns: A Meta Analysis. Canberra, Australia: Federal Office of Road Safety; 1993. No. CR 118.
   Google Scholar
• Falco A, Piccirelli A, Girardi D, Dal Corso L, Nicola A. Risky riding behavior on two wheels: the role of cognitive, social, and personality variables among young adolescents. J Safety Res. 2013;46:47–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng J, Donmez B. Designing Feedback to Induce Safer Driving Behaviors: A Literature Review and a Model of Driver-Feedback Interaction. Toronto: Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Haworth NL, Rowden PJ, Watson BC, Wishart DE, Buckley L, Greig K. Motorcycle Safety Research Project Interim Summary Report 3: Training and Licensing Interventions for Risk Taking and Hazard Perception for Motorcyclists. Queensland, Australia: The centre for Accident Research and Road Safety; 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Kaptein N, Theeuwes J, Van Der Horst R. Driving simulator validity: some considerations. Transp Res Rec. 1996;1550:30–36.
   Google Scholar
• Kazdin AE. Behavior Modification in Applied Settings. Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press; 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Kluger AN, DeNisi A. The effects of feedback interventions on performance: a historical review, a meta-analysis, and a preliminary feedback intervention theory. Psychol Bull. 1996;119:254–284.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreuter MW, Strecher VJ. Do tailored behavior change messages enhance the effectiveness of health risk appraisal? Results from a randomized trial. Health Educ Res. 1996;11:97–105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leon J, Nahl D. Road Rage and Aggressive Driving: Steering Clear of Highway Warfare. Amherst, NY: Prometheus; 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis I, Watson B, Tay R. Examining the effectiveness of physical threats in road safety advertising: the role of the third-person effect, gender, and age. Transp Res Part F Traffic Psychol Behav. 2007;10:48–60.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis I, Watson B, Tay R, White KM. The role of fear appeals in improving driver safety: a review of the effectiveness of fear-arousing (threat) appeals in road safety advertising. Int J Behav Consult Ther. 2007;3:203–222.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis I, Watson B, White KM. An examination of message-relevant affect in road safety messages: should road safety advertisements aim to make us feel good or bad? Transp Res Part F Traffic Psychol Behav. 2008;11:403–417.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin MR, Kraus JF. A review of risk factors and patterns of motorcycle injuries. Accid Anal Prev. 2009;41:710–722.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maldonado A, Serra S, Catena A, Cándido A, Megías A. Modifying evaluations and decisions in risky situations. Span J Psychol. 2016; 19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Megías A, Cándido A, Catena A, Molinero S, Maldonado A. The passenger effect: risky driving is a function of the driver‐passenger emotional relationship. Appl Cogn Psychol. 2014;28:254–258.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Megías A, Di Stasi LL, Maldonado A, Catena A, Cándido A. Emotion-laden stimuli influence our reactions to traffic lights. Transp Res Part F Traffic Psychol Behav. 2014;22:96–103.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Megías A, López-Riañez M, Cándido A. Conductas urgentes y evaluativas en función del nivel de riesgo en situaciones de conducción. Anales de Psicología. 2013;29:1032–1037.
   Google Scholar
• Megías A, Maldonado A, Cándido A, Catena A. Emotional modulation of urgent and evaluative behaviors in risky driving scenarios. Accid Anal Prev. 2011;43:813–817.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Megías A, Maldonado A, Catena A, Cándido A. Two ways of understanding the emotional influence in traffic psychology. Securitas Vialis. 2012;13:142–172.
   Google Scholar
• Megías A, Maldonado A, Catena A, Di Stasi LL, Serrano J, Cándido A. Modulation of attention and urgent decisions by affect-laden roadside advertisement in risky driving scenarios. Saf Sci. 2011;49:1388–1393.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Megías A, Navas JF, Petrova D, et al. Neural mechanisms underlying urgent and evaluative behaviors: an fMRI study on the interaction of automatic and controlled processes. Hum Brain Mapp. 2015;36:2853–2864.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters GJY, Ruiter RA, Kok G. Threatening communication: a critical re-analysis and a revised meta-analytic test of fear appeal theory. Health Psychol Rev. 2013;7(Suppl 1):S8–S31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips RO, Ulleberg P, Vaa T. Meta-analysis of the effect of road safety campaigns on accidents. Accid Anal Prev. 2011;43:1204–1218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers RW. Cognitive and physiological processes in fear appeals and attitude change: a revised theory of protection motivation. In: Cacioppo J. & Petty R., eds. Social Psychophysiology. New York: Guilford Press; 1983:153–176.
   Google Scholar
• Simen P, Cohen JD, Holmes P. Rapid decision threshold modulation by reward rate in a neural network. Neural Netw. 2006;19:1013–1026.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tay R. Exploring the effects of a road safety advertising campaign on the perceptions and intentions of the target and non-target audience to drink and drive. Traffic Inj Prev. 2002;3(3):195–200.
   Google Scholar
• Tay R, Ozanne L. Who are we scaring with high fear road safety campaigns? Asia Pacific Journal of Transport. 2002;4:1–12.
   Google Scholar
• Van Duijvenvoorde AC, Zanolie K, Rombouts SA, Raijmakers ME, Crone EA. Evaluating the negative or valuing the positive? Neural mechanisms supporting feedback-based learning across development. J Neurosci. 2008;28:9495–9503.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vidotto G, Tagliabue M, Tira MD. Long-lasting virtual motorcycle-riding trainer effectiveness. Front Psychol. 2015;6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vila J, Sánchez M, Ramírez I, et al. The International Affective Picture System (IAPS): Spanish adaptation. Second part. Rev Psicol Gen Apl. 2001;54:635–657.
   Google Scholar
• Witte K, Allen M. A meta-analysis of fear appeals: implications for effective public health campaigns. Health Educ Behav. 2000;27(5):591–615.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zanolie K, Van Leijenhorst L, Rombouts SARB, Crone EA. Separable neural mechanisms contribute to feedback processing in a rule-learning task. Neuropsychologia. 2008;46(1):117–126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar