Risk of motor vehicle accident death among 1.3 million veterans of the Iraq and Afghanistan wars

References

• Ames G, Cunradi C. Alcohol use and preventing alcohol-related problems among young adults in the military. Alcohol Res Health. 2004;28:252–257.
   Google Scholar
• Amick MM, Kraft M, McGlinchey R. Driving simulator performance of veterans from the Iraq and Afghanistan wars. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2013;50:463–470.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center. Deaths while on active duty in the US armed forces, 1990–2011. MSMR. 2012;19:2–5.
   Google Scholar
• Armitage P. Tests for linear trends in proportions and frequencies. Biometrics. 1955;11:375–386.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boehmer T, Flanders D, McGeehin M, et al. Postservice mortality in Vietnam veterans: 30 year follow-up. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164:1908–1916.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Postservice mortality among Vietnam veterans. The Centers for Disease Control Vietnam Experience Study. JAMA. 1987;257:790–795.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hannold EM, Classen S, Winter S, Lanford DN, Levy CE. Exploratory pilot study of driving perceptions among OIF/OEF Veterans with mTBI and PTSD. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2013;50:1315–1330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoge CW, Auchterlonie JL, Milliken CS. Mental health problems, use of mental health services and attrition from military service after returning from deployment to Iraq or Afghanistan. JAMA. 2006;295:1023–1032.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang HK, Bullman TA. Mortality among US veterans of the Persian Gulf War. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:1498–1504.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang HK, Bullman TA. Mortality among US veterans of the Persian Gulf War: 7-year follow-up. Am J Epidemiol. 2001;154:399–405.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knapik JJ, Marin RE, Grier TL, Jones BH. A systematic review of post-deployment injury-related mortality among military personnel deployed to conflict zones. BMC Public Health. 2009;9:231–253.
   Google Scholar
• Kraft M, Amick MM, Barth JT, French LM, Lew HL. A review of driving simulator parameters relevant to the Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom veteran population. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2010;89:336–344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krull AR, Jones BH, Dellinger AM, Yore MM, Amoroso PJ. Motor vehicle fatalities among men in the US Army from 1980 to 1997. Mil Med. 2004;169:926–931.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuhn E, Drescher K, Ruzek J, Rosen C. Aggressive and unsafe driving in male veterans receiving residential treatment for PTSD. J Trauma Stress. 2010;23:399–402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lew HL, Amick MM, Kraft M, Stein MB, Cifu DX. Potential driving issues in combat returnees. NeuroRehabilitation. 2010;26:271–278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lew HL, Kraft M, Pogoda TK, Amick MM, Woods P, Cifu DX. Prevalence and characteristics of driving difficulties in Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation Enduring Freedom combat returnees. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2011;48:913–925.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Center for Health Statistics. National Death Index User's Guide. Hyattsville, MD: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Author; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Okie S. Traumatic brain injury in the war zone. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:2043–2047.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothberg JM, Bartone PJ, Holloway HC, Marlow DH. Life and death in the US Army in corpore sano. JAMA. 1990;264:2241–2244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SAS Institute Inc. SAS/STAT® 9.3 User's Guide. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc; 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Schlesselman JJ. Sample size requirements in cohort and case–control studies of diseases. Am J Epidemiol. 1974;99:381–384.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoenbaum M, Kessler RC, Gilman SE, et al. Predictors of suicide and accident death in the Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience in Servicemembers (Army STARRS). JAMA Psychiatry. 2014;71:493–503.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schubauer-Berigan MK, Hein MJ, Raudabaugh WM, et al. Update of the NIOSH Life Table Analysis System: a person-years analysis program for the windows computing environment. Am J Ind Med. 2011;54:915–924.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomsen CJ, Stander VA, McWhorter SK, Rabenhorst MM, Milner JS. Effects of combat deployment on risky and self-destructive behavior among active duty military personnel. J Psychiatr Res. 2011;45:1321–1331.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veterans Health Administration. Veterans' safe driving initiative. 2008. Available at: http://www.safedriving.va.gov. Accessed October 15, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Walter Reed Army Institute of Research. Battle mind training: transitioning from combat to home. 2006. Available at: http://www.ptsd.ne.gov/pdfs/WRAIR-battlemind-training-Brochure.pdf. Accessed October 15, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Watanabe KK, Kang HK. Military service in Vietnam and the risk of death from trauma and selected cancer. Ann Epidemiol. 1995;5:407–412.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• World Health Organization. International Classification of Diseases. Manual of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Injuries, and Causes of Death. Vol 1. 9th Rev. Geneva, Switzerland: Author; 1977.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. 10th Rev. Geneva, Switzerland: Author; 1992.
   Google Scholar
• Writer JW, DeFraites RF, Brundage JF. Comparative mortality among US military personnel in the Persian Gulf region and worldwide during Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm. JAMA. 1996;275:118–121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar