An evaluation of the effect of Ohio's graduated driver licensing law on motor vehicle crashes and crash outcomes involving drivers 16 to 20 years of age

References

• Aninao JG, Bloedel R. Graduated Licensing of Teenager Drivers. Columbus: The Ohio Legislative Service Commission Staff; 2009. Available at: http://www.lsc.state.oh.us/membersonly/128teenagedrivers.pdf. Accessed December 21, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Baker SP, O'Neill B, Haddon W Jr, Long WB. The Injury Severity Score: a method for describing patients with multiple injuries and evaluating emergency care. J Trauma. 1974;14(3):187–196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Center for Injury Research and Policy. Injury in Ohio. Columbus, Ohio. 2010. Available at: http://www.nationwidechildrens.org/cirp-injury-in-ohio. Accessed December 21, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 10 Leading Causes of Injury Deaths by Age Group Highlighting Unintentional Injury Deaths, United States—2009. 2013. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/LeadingCauses.html. Accessed December 21, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Chen LH, Baker SP, Li G. Graduated driver licensing programs and fatal crashes of 16-year-old drivers: a national evaluation. Pediatrics. 2006;118:56–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connecticut Department of Motor Vehicles. DMV Announces Change in How New Adult Drivers Will Get Licenses: Agency to Change a Decades-Long Practice. Wethersfield, CT: Connecticut Department of Motor Vehicles News; 2012. Available at: http://www.ct.gov/dmv/cwp/view.asp?a=807&q=515020. Accessed December 24, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Ehsani JP, Bingham CR, Shope JT. Graduated driver licensing for new drivers: effects of three states' policies on crash rates among teenagers. Am J Prev Med. 2013;45:9–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farmer CM. Reliability of police-reported information for determining crash and injury severity. Traffic Inj Prev. 2003;4:38–44.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Federal Highway Administration. Highway statistics series: motor-fuel use (Table MF-21) and vehicle-miles of travel, by functional system (Table VM-2). Washington, DC: US Department of Transportation; 2004–2010. Available at: http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policyinformation/statistics.cfm. Accessed December 21, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Fell JC, Romano E. Are strong graduated driver licensing laws having unintended consequences? Ann Adv Automot Med. 2013;57:351–352.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fellegi IP, Sunter AB. A theory for record linkage. J Am Stat Assoc. 1969;64:1184–1210.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foss RD, Evenson KR. Effectiveness of graduated driver licensing in reducing motor vehicle crashes. Am J Prev Med. 1999;16(Suppl):47–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray RC, Quddus MA, Evans A. Injury severity analysis of accidents involving young male drivers in Great Britain. J Safety Res. 2008;39:483–495.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Healy D, Catchpole J, Harrison W. Victoria's Graduated Licensing System Interim Report. Victoria, Australia: VicRoads; 2012. Available at: https://www.vicroads.vic.gov.au/∼/media/files/formsandpublications/safety-and-road-rules/graduatedlicensingsystemevaluationintermre-port.ashx?la=en. Accessed December 24, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Hingson R, Winter M. Epidemiology and consequences of drinking and driving. Alcohol Res Health. 2003;27:63–78.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jaro MA. Probabilistic linkage of large public health data files. Stat Med. 1995;14:491–498.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lam LT. Factors associated with young drivers' car crash injury: comparisons among learner, provisional, and full licensees. Accid Anal Prev. 2003;35:913–920.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Males M. California's graduated driver license law: effect on teenage drivers' deaths through 2005. J Safety Res. 2007;38:651–659.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masten SV, Foss RD, Marshall SW. Graduated driver licensing and fatal crashes involving 16- to 19-year-old drivers. JAMA. 2011;306:1098–1103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maycock G, Lockwood CR, Lester JF. The Accident Liability of Car Drivers. Crowthorne, England: Transport and Road Research Laboratory; 1991. Research Report 315.
   Google Scholar
• Mayhew DR, Simpson HM. New to the Road: Young Drivers and Novice Drivers: Similar Problems and Solutions? Ottawa, ON, Canada: Traffic Injury Research Foundation; 1990.
   Google Scholar
• McCartt AT, Mayhew DR, Braitman KA, Ferguson SA, Simpson HM. Effects of age and experience on young driver crashes: review of recent literature. Traffic Inj Prev. 2009;10:209–219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCartt AT, Teoh ER. Strengthening driver licensing systems for teenaged drivers. JAMA. 2011;306:1142–1143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCartt AT, Teoh ER, Fields M, Braitman KA, Hellinga LA. Graduated licensing laws and fatal crashes of teenage drivers: a national study. Traffic Inj Prev. 2010;11:240–248.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCullagh P, Nelder JA. Generalized Linear Models. 2nd ed. London: Chapman & Hall; 1989.
   Google Scholar
• McGlincy MH. A Bayesian record linkage methodology for multiple imputation of missing links. In: ASA Proceedings of the Joint Statistical Meetings. Alexandria, VA: American Statistical Association; 2004:4001–4008.
   Google Scholar
• Morrisey MA, Grabowski DC. Graduated drivers license programs and rural teenage motor vehicle fatalities. J Rural Health. 2006;22:300–307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrisey MA, Grabowski DC. Gas prices, beer taxes and GDL programmes: effects on auto fatalities among young adults in the US. Appl Econ. 2010;43(25):1–10.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM). 2013. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/icd/icd0cm.htm. Accessed November 1, 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Ohio Department of Public Safety. Summary and frequently asked questions: HB 0343—teen driving law changes. 2007. Available at: http://www.drivertraining.ohio.gov/HB343-FAQs.pdf. Accessed December 21, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Ohio Department of Public Safety. Driver training: a guide to Ohio's graduated driver licensing law. 2012. Available at: http://www.drivertraining.ohio.gov/resources/driver_gdl.htm. Accessed December 21, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Pressley JC, Benedicto CB, Trieu L, Kendig T, Barlow B. Motor vehicle injury, mortality, and hospital charges by strength of graduated driver licensing laws in 36 states. J Trauma. 2009;67(Suppl):S43–S53.
   Google Scholar
• Rosman DL, Knuiman MW. A comparison of hospital and police road injury data. Accid Anal Prev. 1994;26:215–222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin DB. Multiple Imputation for Nonresponse in Surveys. New York: Wiley & Sons; 1987.
   Google Scholar
• Shope JT. Graduated driver licensing: review of evaluation results since 2002. J Safety Res. 2007;38(2):165–175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shults RA, Williams AF. Trends in driver licensing status and driving among high school seniors in the United States, 1996–2010. J Safety Res. 2013;46:167–170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tefft BC, Williams AF, Grabowski JG. Timing of Driver's License Acquisition and Reasons for Delay among Young People in the United States. Washington, DC: AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety; 2012. Available at: https://www.aaafoundation.org/timing-driver%E2%80%99s-license-acquisition-and-reasons-delay-among-young-people-united-states-2012. Accessed February 17, 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Traynor TL. The impact of state level behavioral regulations on traffic fatality rates. J Safety Res. 2009;40:421–426.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• US Census Bureau. Intercensal estimates of the resident population by single year of age and sex for Ohio: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2010. 2012. Available at: http://www.census.gov/popest/data/intercensal/state/state2010.html. Accessed August 21, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• US Energy Information Administration. Petroleum and other liquids: weekly retail gasoline and diesel prices, Ohio. 2004–2010. Available at: http://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/pet_pri_gnd_dcus_soh_a.htm. Accessed December 21, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Williams AF, Chaudhary NK, Tefft BC, Tison J. Evaluation of New Jersey's graduated driver licensing program. Traffic Inj Prev. 2010;11:1–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu M, Cummings P, Chu H, Coben JH, Li G. Graduated driver licensing and motor vehicle crashes involving teenage drivers: an exploratory age-stratified meta-analysis. Inj Prev. 2013;19:49–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar