Differential protective effects of motorcycle helmets against head injury

References

• Agent K, Green E, Fields T. 2013 Safety Belt Usage in Kentucky. Lexingon University of Kentucky, Kentucky Transportation Center; 2014. Research Report KTC-13-8/KSP1-12-1F.
   Google Scholar
• Babu ML, Bhasin SK, Kumar A. Extradural hematoma: an experience of 300 cases. JK Science. 2005;7(4):205–207.
   Google Scholar
• Bazarian J, Veazie P, Mookerjee S, Lerner EB. Accuracy of mild traumatic brain injury case ascertainment using ICD-9-CM codes. Acad Emerg Med. 2006;13:31–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll CP, Cochran JA, Guse CE, Wang MC. Are we underestimating the burden of traumatic brain injury? Surveillance of severe traumatic brain injury using Centers for Disease Control International Classification of Disease, ninth revision, clinical modification, traumatic brain injury codes. Neurosurgery. 2012;71:1064–1070. doi: 10.1227/NEU.0b013e31826f7c16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter RE, Zhang X, Woolson RF, Apfel CC. Statistical analysis of correlated relative risks. J Data Sci. 2009;7:397–407.
   Google Scholar
• Clarke DE. Practical introduction to record linkage for injury research. Inj Prev. 2004;10:186–191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crooks DA. Pathogenesis and biomechanics of traumatic intracranial haemorrhages. Virchows Archiv A Pathol Anat. 1991;418:479–483.
   Google Scholar
• Fellegi I, Sunter A. A theory for record linkage. J Am Stat Assoc. 1969;64:1183–1210. doi: 10.1080/01621459.1969.10501049.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandez FAO, Alves de Sousa RJ. Motorcycle helmets—a state of the art review. Accid Anal Prev. 2013;56:1–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gennarelli TA, Ommaya AK, Thibault LE. Comparison of translational and rotational head motions in experimental cerebral concussion. In: Fifteenth Stapp Car Crash Conference. New York: Society of Automotive Engineers; 1971:797–803.
   Google Scholar
• Gennarelli TA, Thibault LE. Biomechanics of acute subdural hematoma. J Trauma. 1982;22:680–686.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gennarelli TA, Thibault LE, Adams JH, Graham DI, Thompson CJ, Marcincin RP. Diffuse axonal injury and traumatic coma in the primate. Ann Neurol. 1982;12:564–574.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gennarelli TA, Thibault LE, Ommaya AK. Pathophysiologic responses to rotational and linear accelerations of the head. In: Sixteenth Stapp Car Crash Conference. 1972. SAE Paper No. 720970, pp. 296–308.
   Google Scholar
• Gurdijan ES. Cerebral contusions: re-evaluation of the mechanism of their development. J Trauma. 1976;16:35–51.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Halldin P, Gilchrist A, Mills NJ. A new oblique impact test for motorcycle helmets. Int J Crashworthiness. 2001;6:53–64. doi: 10.1533/cras.2001.0162.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaro M. Probabilistic linkage of large public health data files. Stat Med. 1995;14:491–498.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson RM, McCarthy MC, Miller SF, Peoples JB. Craniofacial trauma in injured motorcyclists: the impact of helmet usage. J Trauma. 1995;38:876–878.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Karlson TA, Quade CA. Head injuries associated with motorcycle use—Wisconsin, 1991. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1994;43:423–431.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• King AI, Yang KH, Zhang L, Hardy W. Is head injury caused by linear or angular acceleration? In: Proceedings of the 2003 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. Lisbon, Portugal, 2003; pp. 1–14.
   Google Scholar
• Kleiven S. Why most traumatic brain injuries are not caused by linear acceleration but skull fractures are. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2013;1–15. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2013.00015.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lin JW, Tsai SH, Tsai WC, et al. Survey of traumatic intracranial hemorrhage in Taiwan. Surg Neurol. 2006;66(Suppl 2):S20–S25.
   Google Scholar
• Liu BC, Ivers R, Norton R, Boufous S, Blows S, Lo SK. Helmets for preventing injury in motorcycle riders. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;23(1):CD004333. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004333.pub3.
   Google Scholar
• MacLeod J, DiGiacomo D, Tinkoff G. An evidence-based review: helmet efficacy to reduce head injury and morality in motorcycle crashes: EAST Practice Management Guidelines. J Trauma. 2010;69:1101–1111. doi: 10.1097/TA.0b013e3181f8a9cc.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGlincy M. A Bayesian record linkage methodology for multiple imputation of missing links. In: ASA Proceedings of the Joint Statistical Meetings. Alexandria, VA: American Statistical Association. 2004:4001–4008.
   Google Scholar
• McIntosh AS, Curtis K, Rankin T, et al. Associations between helmet use and brain injuries amongst injured pedal- and motor-cyclists: a case series of trauma centre presentations. J Australasian Coll Road Safety. 2013;24(2):11–20.
   Google Scholar
• McIntosh AS, Lai A. Motorcycle helmets: head and neck dynamics in helmeted and unhelmeted oblique impacts. Traffic Inj Prev. 2013;14:835–844. doi: 10.1080/15389588.2013.774083.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meaney DF, Smith DH. Biomechanics of concussion. Clin Sports Med. 2011;30:19–31, vii. doi: 10.1016/j.csm.2010.08.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newcombe HB, Kennedy JM, Axford SJ, James AP. Automatic linkage of vital records. Science. 1959;130(3381):954–959.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paul M. Haemorrhages from head injuries. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 1955;17(2):69–101.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Powell JM, Ferraro JV, Dikmen SS, Temkin NR, Bell KR. Accuracy of mild traumatic brain injury diagnosis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2008;89:1550–1555. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2007.12.035.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Richter M, Otte D, Lehmann U, et al. Head injury mechanisms in helmet-protected motorcyclists: prospective multicenter study. J Trauma. 2001;51:949–958.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schafer J. Multiple imputation: a primer. Stat Methods Med Res. 1999;8:3–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Servadei F, Begliomini C, Gardini E, Giustini M, Taggi F, Kraus J. Effect of Italy's motorcycle helmet law on traumatic brain injuries. Inj Prev. 2003;9:257–260.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shore A, McCarthy M, Serpi T, Gertner M. Validity of administrative data for characterizing traumatic brain injury-related hospitalizations. Brain Inj. 2005;19:613–621.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas AM, Thygerson SM, Merrill RM, Cook LJ. Identifying work-related motor vehicle crashes in multiple databases. Traffic Inj Prev. 2012;13:348–354.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ueno K, Melvin JW. Finite element model study of head impact based on hybrid III head acceleration: the effects of rotational and translational acceleration. J Biomech Eng. 1995;117:319–328.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• US Department of Transportation, NHTSA. Crash Outcome Data Evaluation System (CODES): An Examination of Methodologies and Multi-state Traffic Safety Applications. 2015. DOT Publication No. DOT HS 812 179. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation, NHTSA. Available at: http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/Pubs/812179.pdf Accessed September 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Viano DC. Biomechanics of brain injury. In: Zasler ND, Katz DI, Zafonte RD, eds. Brain Injury Medicine: Principles and Practice, 2nd ed. New York: Demos Medical; 2012:124–136.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson S, Begg D, Samaranayaka A. Validity of using linked hospital and police traffic crash records to analyse motorcycle injury crash characteristics. Accid Anal Prev. 2012;49:30–35. doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2011.03.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoganandan N, Pintar FA, Sances A Jr, et al. Biomechanics of skull fracture. J Neurotrauma. 1995;12:659–668.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar