References
- Ash J, Shaw C, Lessley D, Crandall J. PMHS restraint and support surface forces in simulated frontal crashes. Int J Automot Eng. 2013;4:41–46.
- Barbat S, Fu Y, Zhan Z, Yang RJ, Gehre C. Objective rating metric for dynamic systems. Paper presented at: 21st International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV); 2013; Stuttgart, Germany.
- Begeman P, King A, Levine R, Viano DC. Biodynamic response of the musculoskeletal system to impact acceleration. Paper presented at: SAE World Congress; 1980; Detroit, MI.
- Bose D, Crandall JR, Untaroiu CD, Maslen EH. Influence of pre-collision occupant parameters on injury outcome in a frontal collision. Accid Anal Prev. 2010;42:1398–1407.
- Choi H, Sah S, Lee B, et al. Experimental and numerical studies of muscular activations of bracing occupant. Paper presented at: 19th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles Conference (ESV); 2005; Washington, DC.
- Crandall JR, Bose D, Forman J, et al. Human surrogates for injury biomechanics research. Clin Anat. 2011;24:362–371.
- Dakin GJ, Eberhardt AW, Alonso JE, Stannard JP, Mann KA. Acetabular fracture patterns: associations with motor vehicle crash information. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 1999;47:1063–1076.
- Dischinger PC, Read KM, Kufera JA, et al. Consequences and costs of lower extremity injuries. Annu Proc Assoc Adv Automot Med. 2004;48:339–353.
- Fu Y, Yang R, Yeh I. A genetic algorithm for optimal design of an inflatable knee bolster. Struct Multidiscipl Optim. 2001;26:264–271.
- Gehre C, Gades H, Wernicke P. Objective rating of signals using test and simulation responses. Paper presented at: 21st International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV); 2009; Stuttgart, Germany.
- Halloway DE, Saunders J, Yoganandan N, Pintar F. An operational definition of small overlap impact for published NASS data. Paper presented at: SAE World Congress; 2011; Detroit, MI.
- Hirth A, Haufe A, Olovsson L. Airbag simulation with LS-DYNA past–present–future. Paper presented at: 6th European LS-DYNA Users' Conference; 2007; Gothenburg, Sweden.
- Hong S, Jeong H, Joo B. Invisible knee airbag module development. Paper presented at: SAE World Congress; 2007; Detroit, MI.
- Hong S, Jung H, Cho B, Kim I. A study on invisible knee airbag cushion shape design using DOE (design of experimental) method. Paper presented at: 20th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV); 2007; Lyon France.
- Hu J, Rupp J, Lamb T, Michalak E, Chang C-Y, Schneider L. Computational investigation of the effects of driver and vehicle interior factors on the risk of knee–thigh–hip injuries in frontal crashes. Paper presented at: SAE World Congress; 2010; Detroit, MI.
- Jenkins J, Ridella S, Ham S. Development of an inflatable knee bolster by using MADYMO and DOE. Paper presented at: 9th International MADYMO User's Conference; Como, Italy, 2002.
- Kitagawa Y, Hasegawa J, Yasuki T, Iwamoto M, Miki K. A study of knee joint kinematics and mechanics using a human FE model. Stapp Car Crash J. 2005;49:117–131.
- Kuppa S, Want J, Haffner M, Eppinger R. Lower extremity injuries and associated injury criteria. Paper presented at: 17th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles Conference (ESV); 2001; Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Leport T, Baudrit P, Petit P, Trosseille X, Vallancien G. Evaluation of the risk of injury caused by a knee airbag in out-of-position. Paper presented at: 21st International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV); 2009; Stuttgart, Germany.
- Malczyk A, Müller I, Eßers S, Hänsel M. Effects of seating position of short stature drivers in frontal impacts. Paper presented at: IRCOBI Conference; Gothenburg, Sweden; 2013.
- Meyer EG, Haut RC. The effect of impact angle on knee tolerance to rigid impacts. Stapp Car Crash J. 2003;47:1–19.
- Morris A, Thomas P, Taylor AM, Wallace WA. Mechanisms of fractures in ankle and hind-foot injuries to front seat car occupants—an in-depth accident data analysis. Stapp Car Crash Conference Proceedings. 1997;41:181–194.
- NHTSA. Vehicle crash test database. 2015. Available at: http://www.nhtsa.gov/. Accessed March 8, 2015.
- Olovsson L. Corpuscular method for airbag deployment simulations. Paper presented at: 6th European LS-DYNA Users Conference; 2007; Gothenburg, Sweden.
- Patel V, Griffin R, Eberhardt AW, McGwin G Jr. The association between knee airbag deployment and knee–thigh–hip fracture injury risk in motor vehicle collisions: a matched cohort study. Accid Anal Prev. 2013;50:964–967.
- Poulard D, Subit D, Nie B, Donlon JP, Kent R. The contribution of pre-impact posture on restrained occupant finite element model response in frontal impact. Traffic Inj Prev. 2015;16(Suppl 2):92–100.
- Read KM, Kufera JA, Dischinger PC, et al. Life-altering outcomes after lower extremity injury sustained in motor vehicle crashes. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2004;57:815–823.
- Roychoudhury RS, Conlee JK, Best M Schenck D. Blow-molded plastic active knee bolsters. Paper presented at: SAE World Congress; 2004; Detroit, MI.
- Rupp JD, Flannagan CA, Kuppa SM. An injury risk curve for the hip for use in frontal impact crash testing. J Biomech. 2010;43:527–531.
- Rupp JD, Reed MP, Jeffreys TA, Schneider LW. Effects of hip posture on the frontal impact tolerance of the human hip joint. Stapp Car Crash J. 2003;47:21–33.
- Saunders J, Craig M, Suway J. NHTSA's test procedure evaluations for small overlap/oblique crashes. Paper presented at: 21st International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV); 2011; Washington, DC.
- Schneider DW. Inflatable knee airbag. US Patent No. US 6471242 B2; October 29, 2002.
- Schneider DW, Lachat MJ, Choi C, Morris CR. Low-Mount Inflatable Knee Airbags Having Serial Chambers. US Patent No. US 8272667 B2; September 25, 2012.
- Schneider LW, Robbins DH, Pflug MA, Snyder RG. Anthropometry of Motor Vehicle Occupants. Specifications and Drawings. Ann Arbor, MI: UMTRI; 1983.
- Schroeder G, Bosch U. Is the knee bag save in out of position situations? Paper presented at: 1st International Conference on ESAR “Expert Symposium on Accident Research”; Hannover, Germany; 2005.
- Shaw CG, Parent DP, Purtsezov P, et al. Impact response of restrained PMHS in frontal sled tests: skeletal deformation patterns under seat belt loading. Stapp Car Crash J. 2009;53:1–48.
- Shigeta K, Kitagawa Y, Yasuki T. Development of next generation human FE model capable of organ injury prediction. Paper presented at: 21st International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV); 2009; Stuttgart, Germany.
- Transparency Market Research. Automotive Airbag Market—Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends and Forecast 2014–2020. 2015. Available at: http://www.transparencymarketresearch.com/nanomedicinemarket.html.
- Watanabe R, Katsuhara T, Miyazaki H, Kitagawa Y, Yasuki T. Research of the relationship of pedestrian injury to collision speed, car-type, impact location and pedestrian sizes using human FE model (THUMS Version 4). Stapp Car Crash J. 2012;56:269–321.
- Weaver AA, Loftis KL, Stitzel JD. Investigation of the safety effects of knee bolster air bag deployment in similar real-world crash comparisons. Traffic Inj Prev. 2013;14:168–180.
- Ye X, Panzer MB, Shaw G, Crandall JR. Driver lower extremity response to out of position knee airbag deployment. Paper presented at: IRCOBI Conference Proceedings; 2014; Berlin, Germany.
- Ye X, Poplin G, Bose D, et al. Analysis of crash parameters and driver characteristics associated with lower limb injury. Accid Anal Prev. 2015;83:37–46.
- Zhang LL, Chen L, Vertiz A, Balci R. Survey of front passenger posture usage in passenger vehicles. Paper presented at: SAE World Congress; 2004; Detroit, MI.