Road accident fatality risks for “vulnerable” versus “protected” road users in northern Ghana

References

• Ackaah W, Afukaar FK. Prevalence of helmet use among motorcycle users in Tamale metropolis, Ghana: an observational study. Traffic Inj Prev. 2010;11:522–525.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akaateba MA, Amoh-Gyimah R, Yakubu I. A cross-sectional observational study of helmet use among motorcyclists in Wa, Ghana. Accid Anal Prev. 2014;64:18–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blaizot S, Papon F, Haddak MM, Amoros E. Injury incidence rates of cyclists compared to pedestrians, car occupants and powered two-wheeler riders, using a medical registry and mobility data, Rhône County, France. Accid Anal Prev. 2013;58:35–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Building & Road Research Institute. Road Traffic Crashes in Ghana Statistics 2011. 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Camilloni L, Farchi S, Rossi PG, Chini F, Borgia P. Mortality in elderly injured patients: the role of comorbidities. Int J Inj Contr Saf Promot. 2008;15:25–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chong S, Poulos R, Olivier J, Watson WL, Grzebieta R. Relative injury severity among vulnerable non-motorised road users: comparative analysis of injury arising from bicycle–motor vehicle and bicycle–pedestrian collisions. Accid Anal Prev. 2010;42:290–296.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crocker P, King B, Cooper H, Milling T. Self-reported alcohol use is an independent risk factor for head and brain injury among cyclists but does not confound helmets' protective effect. J Emerg Med. 2012;43:244–250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Damsere-Derry J, Afukaar FK, Donkor P, Mock C. Assessment of vehicle speeds on different categories of roadways in Ghana. Int J Inj Contr Saf Promot. 2008;15(2):83–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Damsere-Derry J, Ebel B, Mock C, Afukaar F, Donkor P. Pedetrians injury patterns in Ghana. Accid Anal Prev. 2010;42:1080–1088.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derry JD, Afukaar FK, Donkor P, Mock C. Study of vehicle speeds on a major highway in Ghana: implication for monitoring and control. Traffic Inj Prev. 2007;8(2):142–146.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Doss C, Deere CD, Oduro AD, Swaminathan H. The Gender Asset Gap in Ecuador, Ghana and Karnataka, India. Bangalore: Indian Institute of Management Bangalore, Centre for Public Policy; 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Driver and Vehicle Licensing Authority. Annual Distribution of Registered Vehicles in Ghana by Year and Region. Accra, Ghana: Author; 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Ghana Statistical Service. 2010 Population and Housing Census (Summary Report of Final Results). Accra, Ghana: 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Ghana Statistical Service. Ghana Living Standards Survey Round 6 (GLSS6). Accra, Ghana: Author; 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Halkon R. Paralysed drink-driver pleads guilty to speeding at 80 mph using his hand on his knees to force down accelerator. The Mirror (UK). July 21, 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Hanrahan RB, Layde PM, Zhu S, Guse CE, Hargarten SW. The association of driver age with traffic injury severity in Wisconsin. Traffic Inj Prev. 2009;10:361–367.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hederson E. Drunk driver killed stranger when the pair became involved in high-speed race. The Mirror (UK). December 12, 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Hong K, Lee K-M, Jang S-n. Incidence and related factors of traffic accidents among the older population in a rapidly aging society. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2015;60:471–477.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koopmans JM, Friedman L, Kwon S, Sheehan K. Urban crash-related child pedestrian injury incidence and characteristics associated with injury severity. Accid Anal Prev. 2015;77:127–136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kröyer HRG. Is 30 km/h a “safe” speed? Injury severity of pedestrians struck by a vehicle and the relation to travel speed and age. IATSS Res. 2014;39(1):42–50.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kröyer HRG. The relation between speed environment, age and injury outcome for bicyclists struck by a motorized vehicle—a comparison with pedestrians. Accid Anal Prev. 2015;76:57–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kudebong M, Wurapa F, Nonvignon I, Norman JK, Awoonor-Williams JK, Aikins M. Economic burden of motorcycle accidents in Northern Ghana. Ghana Med J. 2011;45(4):135–142.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li G, Braver ER, Chen L-H. Fragility versus excessive crash involvement as determinants of high death rates per vehicle-mile of travel among older drivers. Accid Anal Prev. 2003;35:227–235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu BC, Ivers R, Norton R, Boufous S, Blows S, Lo SK. Helmets for preventing injury in motorcycle riders. Cochrane Libr. 2008;4:1–42.
   Google Scholar
• Majdan M, Rusnak M, Rehorcikova V, Brazinova A, Leitgeb J, Mauritz W. Epidemiology and patterns of transport-related fatalities in Austria 1980–2012. Traffic Inj Prev. 2014;16:450–455.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Road Safety Commission. National Road Safety Stategy III (2011–2020). Accra, Ghana: Author; 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Oliva A, Flores J, Merigioli S, et al. Autopsy investigation and Bayesian approach to coronary artery disease in victims of motor-vehicle accidents. Atherosclerosis. 2011;218:28–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olivier J, Creighton P. Bicycle injuries and helmet use: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Epidemiology. 2016:1–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otte D, Jänsch M, Haasper C. Injury protection and accident causation parameters for vulnerable road users based on German In-Depth Accident Study GIDAS. Accid Anal Prev. 2012;44:149–153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paixão LMMM, Gontijo ED, De Freitas Drumond E, De Lima Friche AA, Caiaffa WT. Traffic accidents in belo horizonte: the view from three different sources, 2008 to 2010. Rev Bras Epidemiol. 2015;18:108–122.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Papa M, Boccardi V, Prestano R, et al. Comorbidities and crash involvement among younger and older drivers. PLoS ONE. 2014;9:e94564.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peden M, Scurfield R, Sleet D, et al. World Report on Road Traffic Injury Prevention. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Rodrigues CL, de Eston Armond J, Gorios C, Souza PC. Accidents involving motorcyclists and cyclists in the municipality of São Paulo: characterization and trends. Revista Brasileira de Ortopedia (English Edition). 2014;49:602–606.
   Google Scholar
• Salifu M, Ackaah W. Under-reporting of road traffic crash data in Ghana. Int J Inj Contr Saf Promot. 2012;19:331–339.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sitchting Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek Verkeersveiligheid (SWOV). Fact Sheet: Vulnerable Road Users. Leidschendam, The Netherlands: Institute for Road Safety Research; 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Simončič M. Road accidents in Slovenia involving a pedestrian, cyclist or motorcyclist and a car. Accid Anal Prev. 2001;33(2):147–156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Starrfmonline.com. Doctor shortage hits Wa regional hospital. Health News. 2015. Available at: http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/health/Doctor-shortage-hits-Wa-regional-hospital-351866. Accessed March 25, 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Törő K, Hubay M, Sótonyi P, Keller E. Fatal traffic injuries among pedestrians, bicyclists and motor vehicle occupants. Forensic Sci Int. 2005;151(2–3):151–156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The World Bank. World Development Report 2012 Gender Equality and Development. Washington, DC: Author; 2011.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Global Plan for the Decade of Action for Road Safety, 2011–2020. Geneva, Switzerland: Author; 2011.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Global Status Report on Road Safety: Supporting a Decade of Action. Geneva, Switzerland: Author; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Yao J, Yang J, Otte D. Head injuries in child pedestrian accidents—in-depth case analysis and reconstructions. Traffic Inj Prev. 2007;8:94–100.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar