Seat belt pre-pretensioner effect on child-sized dummies during run-off-road events

References

• Andersson M, Bohman K, Osvalder A-L. Effect of booster seat design on children's choice of seating positions during naturalistic riding. Ann Adv Automot Med. 2010;54:171–180.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Arbogast K, Chen I, Durbin D, Winston F. Injury risks for children in child restraint systems in side impact crashes. Paper presented at: IRCOBI Conference; September 22–24, 2004; Graz, Austria.
   Google Scholar
• Arbogast KB, Mathews EA, Seacrist T, et al. The effect of pretensioning and age on torso rollout in restrained human volunteers in far-side lateral and oblique loading. Stapp Car Crash J. 2012;56:443–467.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bohman K, Arbogast K, Bostrom O. Head injury causation scenarios for belted, rear-seated children in frontal impact. Traffic Inj Prev. 2011;12:62–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohman K, Stockman I, Jakobsson L, Osvalder AL, Bostrom O, Arbogast KB. Kinematics and shoulder belt position of child rear seat passengers during vehicle maneuvers. Ann Adv Automot Med. 2011;55:15–26.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Douglas C, Fildes B, Gibson T, Boström O, Pintar F. Factors influencing occupant-to–seat belt interaction in far-side crashes. Annu Adv Automot Med. 2007;51:319–339.
   Google Scholar
• Durbin D, Elliott M, Winston F. Belt-positioning booster seats and reduction in risk of injury among children in vehicle crashes. JAMA. 2003;289:2835–2840.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hillerdal I. Passenger Cars in Fatal Single Vehicle Accidents on Swedish Roads. Uppsala, Sweden: Uppsala University; 2011. UPTEC STS11011.
   Google Scholar
• Howard A, Rothman L, McKeag A, et al. Children in side-impact motor vehicle crashes—seating positions and injury mechanisms. J Trauma. 2004;56:1276–1285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ImageSystemsAB. Available at: http://www.imagesystems.se/index.php/tema/. Accessed April 18, 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Jakobsson L, Axelson A, Björklund M, Nilsson P, Victor T. Run Off Road Safety. Paper presented at: 24th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV); June 8–11, 2015; Gothenburg, Sweden. ESV Paper No. 15-0424.
   Google Scholar
• Jakobsson L, Bohman K, Stockman I, Andersson M, Osvalder A-L. Older children's sitting postures when riding in the rear seat. Paper presented at: IRCOBI Conference; September 14–16, 2011; Krakow, Poland.
   Google Scholar
• Jakobsson L, Lindman M, Axelson A, Lokensgard B, et al. Addressing run off road safety. SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars - Mechanical Systems. 2014;7(1):132–144.
   Google Scholar
• Jakobsson L, Wiberg H, Isaksson-Hellman I, Gustafsson J. Rear Seat Safety for the Growing Child—A New 2-Stage Integrated Booster Cushion. Paper presented at: 20th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV); June 18–21, 2007; Lyon, France. ESV Paper No. 07-0322.
   Google Scholar
• McCray L, Brewer J, Paciulan K. Protection of children in the rear seat in real world crashes. Paper presented at: NHTSA Meeting; May 10, 2006.
   Google Scholar
• NHTSA. Traffic Safety Facts 2006, Data, Children. Washington, DC, Author;: 2006. DOT HS 810 803.
   Google Scholar
• Olafsdóttir JM, Östh J, Davidsson J, Brolin K. Passenger kinematics and muscle responses in autonomous braking events with standard and reversible pre-tensioned restraints. Paper presented at: IRCOBI Conference; September 11–13, 2013; Gothenburg, Sweden.
   Google Scholar
• Östh J, Olafsdóttir JM, Davidsson J, Brolin K. Driver kinematic and muscle responses in braking events with standard and reversible pre-tensioned restraints: validation data for human models. Stapp Car Crash J. 2013;57:1–41.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Osvalder AL, Hansson I, Stockman I, Carlsson A, Bohman K, Jakobsson L. Older children's sitting postures, behavior and comfort experience during ride—a comparison between an integrated booster cushion and a high-back booster. Paper presented at: IRCOBI Conference; September 11–13, 2013; Gothenburg, Sweden.
   Google Scholar
• Pheasant S, Haslegrave C. Bodyspace: Anthropometry, Ergonomics and the Design of Work. 3rd ed. New York: Taylor & Francis; 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Statistisches Bundesamt. Fachserie 8 Reihe 7, Verkehrsunfälle. 2011. Available at: https://www.destatis.de/GPStatistik/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/DEHeft_derivate_00011362/2080700117004.pdf. Available at: http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/publications/road_traffic/world_report/summary_en_rev.pdf Accessed April 18, 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Stockman I. Safety for Children in Cars—Focus on Three Point Seatbelts in Emergency Events [doctoral thesis]. Gothenburg, Sweden: Chalmers University of Technology; 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Stockman I, Bohman K, Jakobsson L. Kinematics and shoulder belt position of child anthropomorphic test devices during steering manoeuvres. Traffic Inj Prev. 2013;14:797–806.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang JS, Knipling RR. Single Vehicle Roadway Departure Crashes: Problem Size Assessment and Statistical Description. 1994. DOT HS 808113. Available at: https://ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/repts_te/1720.pdf. Accessed April 18, 2017.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. World Report on Road Traffic Injury Prevention: Summary. 2004. Available at: http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/publications/road_traffic/world_report/summary_en_rev.pdf Accessed April 18, 2017.
   Google Scholar