225
Views
5
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Efficacy of seat-mounted thoracic side airbags in the German vehicle fleet

, &
Pages 852-858 | Received 19 May 2016, Accepted 04 Apr 2017, Published online: 31 Jul 2017

References

  • Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) 1990–Update 98. Barrington, IL: Author; 1998.
  • Arbogast KB, Durbin DR, Kallan MJ, et al. Injury risk to restrained children exposed to deployed first- and second-generation air bags in frontal crashes. Arch Paediatr Adolesc Med. 2005;159:342–346.
  • Augenstein J, Perdeck E, Bowen J, et al. Injury Patterns among Belted Drivers Protected by Air Bags in 30 to 35 mph Crashes. Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA; 1999. SAE 1999-03-01.
  • Bellemare F, Jeanneret A, Couture J. Sex differences in thoracic dimensions and configuration. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003;168:305–312.
  • Bellemare JF, Cordeau MP, Leblanc P, et al. Thoracic dimensions at maximum lung inflation in normal subjects and in patients with obstructive and restrictive lung diseases. Chest. 2001;119:376–386.
  • Braver ER, Kyrychenko SY. Efficacy of side air bags in reducing driver deaths in driver-side collisions. Am J Epidemiol. 2004;159:556–564.
  • Burg H, Zeidler F. EES-Ein Hilfsmittel zur Unfallrekonstruktion und dessen Auswirkungen auf die Unfallforschung [A tool for accident reconstruction and its impact on the accident research]. Bergisch Gladbach, Germany: Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen (BASt); 1980.
  • Careme LMM. Occupant Kinematics and Injury Causation in Side Impacts—Field Accident Experience. Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA; 1991. SAE 910316.
  • Crandall J, Kent R, Patrie J, et al. Rib fracture patterns and radiologic detection—a restraint-based comparison. Annu Proc Assoc Adv Automot Med. 2000;44:235–260.
  • Davila A, Nombela M. Development of a test tool to analyse airbag induced injuries. Paper presented at: 22nd Enhanced Safety of Vehicles Conference; 2011; Washington, DC.
  • D'Elia A, Newstead S, Scully J. Evaluation of vehicle side airbag effectiveness in Victoria, Australia. Accid Anal Prev. 2013;54:67–72.
  • Donlon JP, Poulard D, Lessley D, et al. Understanding how pre-impact posture can affect injury outcome in side impact sled tests using a new tool for visualization of cadaver kinematics. J Biomech. 2015;48:529–533.
  • Esfahani ES, Marzougui D, Digges K, et al. Effect of increase in weight and stiffness of vehicles on the safety of rear seat occupants. Int J Crashworthiness. 2011;16:309–318.
  • Evans L. Traffic Safety. Science Serving Society, Bloomfield, MI; 2004.
  • Evans L, Frick MC. Mass ratio and relative driver fatality risk in two-vehicle crashes. Accid Anal Prev. 1993;25:213–224.
  • Farmer CM, Braver ER, Mitter EL. Two-vehicle side impact crashes: the relationship of vehicle and crash characteristics to injury severity. Accid Anal Prev. 1997;29:399–406.
  • Fildes BN, Vulcan P, Lane J, et al. Side impact crashes in Australia. Paper presented at: 14th Conference on Enhanced Safety of Vehicles; 1994; Munich, Germany.
  • Gordon JE. The epidemiology of accidents. Am J Public Health Nations Health. 1949;39:504–515.
  • Griffin R, Huisingh C, McGwin G Jr, et al. Association between side-impact airbag deployment and risk of injury: a matched cohort study using the CIREN and the NASS-CDS. J TraumaAcute Care Surg. 2012;73:914–918.
  • Haland Y, Pipkorn B. A parametric study of a side airbag system to meet deflection based criteria. J Biomech Eng. 1996;118:412–419.
  • Harms PL, Renouf M, Thomas PD, et al. Injuries to restrained car occupants: what are the outstanding problems. Paper presented at: 11th Enhanced Safety of Vehicles Conference; 1987; Washington, DC.
  • Hartemann F, Thomas C, Foret-Bruno JY, et al. Occupant protection in lateral impacts. Stapp Car Crash J. 1976;20:363–377.
  • Hayashi S, Yasuki T, Kitagawa Y. Occupant kinematics and estimated effectiveness of side airbags in pole side impacts using a human FE model with internal organs. Stapp Car Crash J. 2008;52:363–377.
  • Hayashi S, Yasuki T, Yamamae Y, et al. A study of side airbag effectiveness in reducing chest injury in car to car side impacts using a human FE model. Paper presented at: IRCOBI Conference; 2006; Madrid, Spain.
  • Iraeus J, Lindquist M. Analysis of delta velocity and PDOF by means of collision partner and structural involvement in real-life crash pulses with modern passenger cars. Traffic Inj Prev. 2014;15:56–65.
  • Kahane CJ. Evaluation of Side Impact Protection. FMVSS 214 TTI (d) Improvements and Side Air Bags. Washington: Department of Transportation - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; 2007. NHTSA Tech. Rep. No. DOT HS 809 004.
  • Kent R, Sang-Hyun L, Darvish K, et al. Structural and material changes in the aging thorax and their role in crash protection for older occupants. Stapp Car Crash J. 2005;49:231–249.
  • Keogh RH, Cox DR. Case–Control Studies. Vol 4. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 2014.
  • Kim T, Shaw G, Lessley D, et al. Biofidelity evaluation of WorldSID and ES-2re under side impact conditions with and without airbag. Accid Anal Prev. 2016;90:140–151.
  • Kimpara H, Lee JB, Yang KH, et al. Development of a three-dimensional finite element chest model for the 5th percentile female. Stapp Car Crash J. 2005;49:251–269.
  • Kleinbaum DG, Klein M. Logistic Regression, Statistics for Biology and Health. 3rd ed. New York: Springer Science & Business Media; 2010.
  • Kompass K, Digges KH, Malliaris A. Benefits of the inflatable tubular structure: an investigation on the casualty abatement capability of the BMW head protection systems HPS. Paper presented at: 16th Enhanced Safety of Vehicles Conference; 1998; Windsor, Canada.
  • Lee EL, Lee PJ, Erickson MS, et al. Increase in Vehicle Front, Rear and Side Stiffness Coefficients in the Past Twenty Years Necessitates New Representative Database. Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA; 2014. SAE 2014-01-51.
  • Levine E, Bedard M, Molloy D, et al. Determinants of driver fatality risk in front impact fixed object collisions. Mature Medicine Canada. 1999;2:239–243.
  • Loftis KL, Weaver AA, Stitzel JD. Investigating the effects of side airbag deployment in real-world crashes using crash comparison techniques. Annu Proc Assoc Adv Automot Med. 2011;55:81–90.
  • Lozzi A. Motor car lateral impacts and occupant injuries. International Journal of Vehicle Design. 1981;2:470–479.
  • Lund AK. Recommended Procedures for Evaluating Occupant Injury Risk from Deploying Side Airbags. Arlington, VA: Alliance, AIAM, AORC, and IIHS; 2000.
  • Luzon-Narro J, Arregui-Dalmases C, Hernando LM, et al. Innovative passive and active countermeasures for near side crash safety. Int J Crashworthiness. 2014;19:209–221.
  • McCartt AT, Kyrychenko SY. Efficacy of side airbags in reducing driver deaths in driver-side car and SUV collisions. Traffic Inj Prev. 2007;8:162–170.
  • McGwin G Jr, Metzger J, Rue LW III. The influence of side airbags on the risk of head and thoracic injury after motor vehicle collisions. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2004;56:512–517.
  • Miettinen OS. Individual matching with multiple controls in the case of all-or-none responses. Biometrics. 1969;25:339–355.
  • Morris AP, Hassan AM, Mackay M. Chest injuries in real-world side impact crashes: an overview. Paper presented at: IRCOBI Conference; 1997; Hannover, Germany.
  • NHTSA. New Car Assessment Program (NCAP). Washington: Department of Transportation - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; 2015.
  • Noland RB. Fuel economy and traffic fatalities: multivariate analysis of international data. Energy Policy. 2005;33:2183–2190.
  • O'Neill B. Preventing passenger vehicle occupant injuries by vehicle design—a historical perspective from IIHS. Traffic Inj Prev. 2009;10:113–126.
  • Otte D, Krettek C, Brunner H, et al. Scientific approach and methodology of a new in-depth investigation study in Germany called GIDAS. Paper presented at: 18th Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles; 2003; Nagoya, Japan.
  • Page Y, Thomas P, Herve V, et al. The effectiveness of side airbags in preventing thoracic injuries in Europe. Paper presented at: ESAR Conference; 2006; Hannover, Germany.
  • Pilhall S, Korner J, Ouchterlony B. SIPSBAG—A new, seat-mounted side impact airbag system. Paper presented at: 14th Conference on Enhanced Safety of Vehicles; 1994; Munich, Germany.
  • Pipkorn B, Subit D, Donlon JP, et al. A computational biomechanical analysis to assess the trade-off between chest deflection and spine translation in side impact. Traffic Inj Prev. 2014;15:231–237.
  • Reidelbach W, Zeidler F. What Is a Realistic Lateral Impact Test? Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA; 1983. SAE 830460.
  • Samaha RR, Elliott DS. NHTSA side impact research: motivation for upgraded test procedures. Paper presented at: 18th Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles; 2003; Nagoya, Japan.
  • Society of Automotive Engineers. Collision Deformation Classification–J224-198003. Warrendale, PA: SAE; 1980.
  • Stein ID, Granik G. Rib structure and bending strength: an autopsy study. Calcif Tissue Res. 1976;20:61–73.
  • Stigson H, Kullgren A. Effect of side impact protection in reducing injuries. Paper presented at: 22nd Enhanced Safety of Vehicles Conference; 2011; Washington, DC.
  • Strandroth J, Nilsson P, Sternlund S, et al. Characteristics of future crashes in Sweden—identifying road safety challenges in 2020 and 2030. Paper presented at: IRCOBI Conference; 2016; Malaga, Spain.
  • Sunnevang C, Rosen E, Bostrom O, et al. Thoracic injury risk as a function of crash severity—car-to-car side impact tests with WorldSID compared to real-life crashes. Annu Proc Assoc Adv Automot Med. 2010;54:159–168.
  • Sunnevang C, Sui B, Lindkvist M, et al. Census study of real-life near-side crashes with modern side airbag-equipped vehicles in the United States. Traffic Inj Prev. 2015;16:117–124.
  • Tencer AF, Kaufman R, Huber P, et al. The role of door orientation on occupant injury in a nearside impact: a CIREN, MADYMO modelling and experimental study. Traffic Inj Prev. 2005;6:372–378.
  • Tencer AF, Kaufman R, Mack C, et al. Factors affecting pelvic and thoracic forces in near-side impact crashes: a study of US-NCAP, NASS, and CIREN data. Accid Anal Prev. 2005;37:287–293.
  • Thor CP, Gabler HC. The relationship between thoracic organ injuries and associated rib fractures. Biomed Sci Instrum. 2008;44:292–297.
  • Troxel LA, Ray MH, Carney JF III. Side impact collisions with roadside obstacles. Transp Res Rec. 1991;1302:32–42.
  • van Ratingen M, Williams A, Lie A, et al. The European New Car Assessment Programme: a historical review. Chin J Traumatol. 2016;19:63–69.
  • Welsh R, Morris A, Thomas P, et al. Car to car struck side impacts—a comparison between European accident data and directive 96/27/EC. Paper presented at: IRCOBI Conference; 2009; York, UK.
  • Yoganandan N, Morgan RM, Eppinger RH, et al. Thoracic deformation and velocity analysis in frontal impact. J Biomech Eng. 1995;117:48–52.
  • Yoganandan N, Pintar FA. Biomechanics of human thoracic ribs. J Biomech Eng. 1998;120:100–104.
  • Yoganandan N, Pintar FA. Responses of side impact dummies in sled tests. Accid Anal Prev. 2005;37:495–503.
  • Yoganandan N, Pintar FA, Gennarelli T. Evaluation of side impact injuries in vehicles equipped with side airbags. Paper presented at: IRCOBI Conference; 2005; Prague, Czech Republic.
  • Yoganandan N, Pintar FA, Zhang J, et al. Lateral impact injuries with side airbag deployments—a descriptive study. Accid Anal Prev. 2007;39:22–27.
  • Zaouk AK, Eigen AM, Digges KH. Occupant Injury Patterns in Side Crashes. Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA; 2001. SAE 2001-01-0723.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.