References
- Basbaum AI, Fields HL. Endogenous pain control mechanisms: review and hypothesis. Ann Neurol. 1978;4:451–462.
- Berning A, Compton R, Wochinger K. Results of the 2013–2014 National Roadside Survey of Alcohol and Drug Use by Drivers. Washington, DC: NHTSA; 2015.
- Breivik H. Opioids in chronic non‐cancer pain, indications and controversies. Eur J Pain. 2005;9(2):127–130.
- Brown T, Johnson R, Milavetz G. Identifying periods of drowsy driving using EEG. Ann Adv Automot Med. 2013;57:99.
- Brown T, Lee J, Schwarz C, et al. Detection of driver impairment from drowsiness. Paper presented at: 23rd International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles; 2013; Seoul, South Korea.
- Brown T, Milavetz G, Murry DJ. Alcohol, drugs and driving: implications for evaluating driver impairment. Ann Adv Automot Med. 2013;57:23.
- Brown T, Spurgin A, Milavetz G, Gaffney G, Johnson R. Do drowsy driver drugs differ? Paper presented at: 8th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle Design; June 22–25, 2015; Park City, UT.
- Buikhuis W, Jongman RW. Traffic perception under influence of alcohol. Q J Stud Alcohol. 1972;33:800.
- Byas-Smith MG, Chapman SL, Reed B, Cotsonis G. The effect of opioids on driving and psychomotor performance in patients with chronic pain. Clin J Pain. 2005;21:345–352.
- Carpenter JA. Effects of alcohol on some psychological processes: a critical review with special reference to automobile driving skill. Q J Stud Alcohol. 1962;23:274–314.
- Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. 2015 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Detailed Tables. Rockville, MD: Office of Applied Studies, US Department of Health and Human Services; 2016.
- Cleeland CS, Gonin R, Hatfield AK, et al. Pain and its treatment in outpatients with metastatic cancer. N Engl J Med. 1994;330:592–596.
- Compton RP, Berning A. Drug and Alcohol Crash Risk. Washington, DC: NHTSA; 2015. DOT HS 812 117.
- Fishbain DA, Cutler RB, Rosomoff H, Rosomoff RS. Can patients taking opioids drive safely? A structured evidence-based review. J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother. 2002;16:9–28.
- Gaffney G, Milavetz G, Brown T, Spurgin A, Johnson R. Peak versus off-peak effects of cannabis: impacts on driving performance. Paper presented at: NIDA International Forum; June 12–15, 2015; Phoenix AZ.
- Governors Highway Safety Association. Drug Impaired Driving. 2016. Available at: http://ghsa.org/state-laws/issues/drug%20impaired%20driving. Accessed December 9, 2016.
- Hoddes E, Zarcone V, Smythe H, Phillips R, Dement WC. Quantification of sleepiness: a new approach. Psychophysiology. 1973;10(4):431–436.
- Jones JD, Mogali S, Comer SD. Polydrug abuse: a review of opioid and benzodiazepine combination use. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2012;125:8–18.
- Kaye AM, Kaye AD, Lofton EC. Basic concepts in opioid prescribing and current concepts of opioid-mediated effects on driving. Ochsner J. 2013;13:525–532.
- Lader M. Benzodiazepine harm: how can it be reduced? Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2014;77:295–301.
- Lee J, Brown T, Fiorentino D, Fell J, Traube E, Nadler E. Using vehicle-based sensors of driver behavior to detect alcohol impairment. Paper presented at: 22nd International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV); June 13–16, 2011; Washington, DC.
- Leufkens TR, Vermeeren A, Smink BE, Van Ruitenbeek P, Ramaekers JG. Cognitive, psychomotor and actual driving performance in healthy volunteers after immediate and extended release formulations of alprazolam 1 mg. Psychopharmacology. 2007;191:951–959.
- Mailis-Gagnon A, Lakha SF, Furlan A, Nicholson K, Yegneswaran B, Sabatowski R. Systematic review of the quality and generalizability of studies on the effects of opioids on driving and cognitive/psychomotor performance. Clin J Pain. 2012;28:542–555.
- Maurer DC. Office of National Drug Control Policy: Progress toward Some National Drug Control Strategy Goals, but None Have Been Fully Achieved. Washington, DC: Testimony Before the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, U. S. Senate May 17, 2016. GAO (GAO-16-660T).
- Mortimer RG, Sturgis SP. Alcohol and simulated car-following performance. In: Proceedings: American Association for Automotive Medicine Annual Conference, vol. 24. Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine; 1980:26–34.
- Moskowitz H, Fiorentino D. A review of the scientific literature regarding the effects of alcohol on driving-related behavior at blood alcohol concentrations of 0.08 grams per deciliter and lower. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; 2000. (DOT HS 809 028).
- National Center for Health Statistics. Health, United States, 2015: With Special Feature on Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities. Hyattsville, MD: Centers for Disease Control; 2016.
- Office of Highway Policy Information. Our Nation's Highways 2011. Washington, DC: Federal Highway Administration; 2010. FHWA-PLL-11-028.
- Ogden EJD, Moskowitz H. Effects of alcohol and other drugs on driver performance. Traffic Inj Prev. 2004;5:185–198.
- Pickett C, Clum GA. Comparative treatment strategies and their interaction with locus of control in the reduction of postsurgical pain and anxiety. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1982;50:439.
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. The DAWN Report: Benzodiazepines in Combination with Opioid Pain Relievers and Alcohol: Greater Risk for More Serious ED Visit Outcomes. Rockville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services; 2014.
- Turner JG, Clark AJ, Gauthier DK, Williams M. The effect of therapeutic touch on pain and anxiety in burn patients. J Adv Nurs. 1998;28:10–20.
- Verster JC, Volkerts ER, Verbaten MN. Effects of alprazolam on driving ability, memory functioning and psychomotor performance: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2002;27:260–269.