The effectiveness of child restraint and seat belt legislation in reducing child injuries: The case of Serbia

References

• Anowar S, Yasmin S, Tay R. Comparison of crashes during public holidays and regular weekends. Accid Anal Prev. 2013;51:7–14.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becketti S. Introduction to Time Series Using Stata. College Station, TX: Stata Press; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Bollen KA, Brand JE. A general panel model with random and fixed effects: a structural equations approach. Soc Forces. 2010;89:1–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Box GE, Jenkins GM, Reinsel GC, Ljung G. Time Series Analysis: Forecasting and Control. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons; 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Brazil N, Kirk DS. Uber and metropolitan traffic fatalities in the United States. Am J Epidemiol. 2016;184(3):192–198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brubacher JR, Desapriya E, Erdelyi S, Chan H. The impact of child safety restraint legislation on child injuries in police-reported motor vehicle collisions in British Columbia: an interrupted time series analysis. Paediatr Child Health. 2016;21(4):e27–e31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruce B, Cramm C, Mundle K, Williams DP, Conrad A. Roadside observation of child passenger restraint use. Adv Pediatr Res. 2015;2:1–6.
   Google Scholar
• Carnis L, Blais E. An assessment of the safety effects of the French speed camera program. Accid Anal Prev. 2013;51:301–309.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cools M, Elke M, Wets G. Assessing the impact of public holidays on travel time expenditure: differentiation by trip motive. Transp Res Rec. 2010;2157:29–37.
   Google Scholar
• Desapriya E, Fujiwara T, Scime G, Babul S, Pike I. Compulsory child restraint seat law and motor vehicle child occupant deaths and injuries in Japan 1994–2005. Int J Inj Contr Saf Promot. 2008;15(2):93–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Du W, Hayen A, Bilston L, Hatfield J, Finch C, Brown J. Association between different restraint use and rear-seated child passenger fatalities: a matched cohort study. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2008;162:1085–1089.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durbin DR, Elliott MR, Winston FK. Belt-positioning booster seats and reduction in risk of injury among children in vehicle crashes. JAMA. 2003;289:2835–2840.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott MR, Kallan MJ, Durbin DR, Winston FK. Effectiveness of child safety seats vs seat belts in reducing risk for death in children in passenger vehicle crashes. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2006;160:617–621.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elvik R, Vaa T, Erke A, Sorensen M. The Handbook of Road Safety Measures. Bingley, UK: Emerald Group; 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Evans WN, Graham JD. An estimate of the lifesaving benefit of child restraint use legislation. J Health Econ. 1990;9(2):121–140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farmer P, Charles M, Williams AF. Temporal factors in motor vehicle crash deaths. Inj Prev. 2005;11:18–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farmer P, Howard A, Rothman L, Macpherson A. Booster seat laws and child fatalities: a case–control study. Inj Prev. 2009;15:348–350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foss RD, Goodwin AH, McCartt AT, Hellinga LA. Short-term effects of a teenage driver cell phone restriction. Accid Anal Prev. 2009;41:419–424.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodwin H, O'Brien NP, Foss RD. Effect of North Carolina's restriction on teenage driver cell phone use two years after implementation. Accid Anal Prev. 2012;48:363–367.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Transport Forum. Road Safety Annual Report 2015. Paris, France: OECD Publishing; 2015.
   Google Scholar
• International Transport Forum. Road Safety Annual Report 2016. Paris, France: OECD Publishing; 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Jones LE, Ziebarth NR Successful scientific replication and extension of Levitt. (2008): child seats are still no safer than seat belts. J Appl Econ. 2016;31:920–928.
   Google Scholar
• Kuhn L, Davidson LL, Durkin MS. Use of Poisson regression and time series analysis for detecting changes over time in rates of child injury following a prevention program. Am J Epidemiol. 1994;140:943–955.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kyu H, Pinho C, Wagner J, et al. Global and national burden of diseases and injuries among children and adolescents between 1990 and 2013: findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2013 Study. JAMA Pediatr. 2016;170:267–287.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levitt SD. Evidence that seat belts are as effective as child safety seats in preventing death for children aged two and up. Rev Econ Stat. 2008;90:158–163.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linden A. Conducting interrupted time-series analysis for single- and multiple-group comparisons. Stata J. 2015;15:480–500.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linden A. Challenges to validity in single-group interrupted time series analysis. J Eval Clin Pract. 2017;23:413–418.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma X, Layde P, Zhu S. Association between child restraint systems use and injury in motor vehicle crashes. Acad Emerg Med. 2012;19:916–923.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCartt AT, Teoh E. Tracking progress in teenage driver crash risk in the United States since the advent of graduated driver licensing programs. J Safety Res. 2015;53:1–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDowall D. Interrupted Time Series Analysis. Vol 21. Beverly Hills; London: Sage; 1980.
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of the Interior of the Republic of Serbia. Number of registered road motor vehicles and trailers. 2017. Available at: http://www.stat.gov.rs/WebSite/public/ReportView.aspx. Accessed January 15, 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Nazif-Muñoz JI. Did child restraint laws globally converge? Examining 40 years of policy diffusion. Traffic Inj Prev. 2015;16(Suppl 2):S32–S40.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nazif-Munoz JI, Falconer J, Gong A, Gariepy G, MacPherson A. The impact of child restraint legislation on the incidence of severe paediatric injury in Chile. Inj Prev. 2017;23:291–296.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nazif-Munoz JI, Quesnel-Vallée A, Van den Berg A. Did Chile's traffic law reform push police enforcement? Understanding Chile's traffic fatalities and injuries reduction. Inj Prev. 2015;21:159–165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Novoa AM, Pérez K, Santamariña-Rubio E, Borrell C. Effect on road traffic injuries of criminalizing road traffic offences: a time-series study. Bull World Health Organ. 2011;89:422–431.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia. The Law on Road Safety. 2009. Available at: http://en.abs.gov.rs/download/1025. Accessed September 15, 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Pressley JC, Trieu L, Barlow B, Kendig T. Motor vehicle occupant injury and related hospital expenditures in children aged 3 years to 8 years covered versus uncovered by booster seat legislation. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2009;67:S20–S29.
   Google Scholar
• Quddus MA. Time series count data models: an empirical application to traffic accidents. Accid Anal Prev. 2008;40:1732–1741.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Road Traffic Safety Agency of the Republic of Serbia. Campaigns. 2017a. Available at: http://en.abs.gov.rs/campaigns/.
   Google Scholar
• Road Traffic Safety Agency of the Republic of Serbia. Performance Safety Traffic Indicators. 2017b. Available at: https://goo.gl/7cbMsb.
   Google Scholar
• SFR Yugoslavia. Federal Law on Road Safety. 1988. Available at: http://www.pravno-informacioni-sistem.rs/SlGlasnikPortal/reg/viewAct/33b98193-f701-4d4b-864d-9f90502f15ac. Accessed July 20, 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia. Data. Population. 2017a. Available at: http://www.stat.gov.rs/WebSite/Public/PageView.aspx?pKey=2. Accessed September 15, 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia. The integrated database of characteristics of traffic safety. 2017b. Available at: http://en.abs.gov.rs/database. Accessed January 15, 2017.
   Google Scholar
• StataCorp. Stata: Release 14. Statistical Software. College Station, TX: StataCorp LP; 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Sun K, Bauer MJ, Hardman S. Effects of upgraded child restraint law designed to increase booster seat use in New York. Pediatrics. 2010;126:484–489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner AK, Soumerai SB, Zhang F, Ross‐Degnan D. Segmented regression analysis of interrupted time series studies in medication use research. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2002;27:299–309.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Global Status Report on Road Safety: Time for Action. Geneva, Switzerland: Author; 2015.
   Google Scholar