References
- APROSYS report summary. 2011. Available at: http://cordis.europa.eu/result/rcn/47920_en.html. Accessed October 24, 2017.
- Arnoux PJ. Modélisation des Ligaments des Membres Porteurs [Modelling of knee joint ligament] [PhD thesis]. Marseille: Université de la Méditerranée; 2000.
- Arnoux PJ, Cavallero C, Chabrand P, Brunet C. Knee ligaments failure under dynamic loadings. Int J Crashworthiness 2002;7(3):255–268.
- Arnoux PJ, Cesari D, Behr M, Thollon L, Brunet C. Pedestrian lower limb injury criteria evaluation: a finite element approach. Traffic Inj Prev. 2005;6(3):288–297.
- Beillas P, Begeman PC, Yang KH, et al. Lower limb: advanced FE model and new experimental data. Stapp Car Crash J. 2001;45:469–494.
- Cater EL, Neal-Sturgess CE, Hardy RN. APROSYS in-depth database of serious pedestrian and cyclist impacts with vehicles. Int J Crashworthiness. 2008;13:629–642.
- Dunmore MC, Brooks R, Madeley NJ, McNally DS. The effect of leg fracture level and vehicle front-end geometry on pedestrian knee injury and response. Proc Inst Mech Eng H. 2006;220:857–869.
- European Commission for European Institute of Innovation & Technology. Proposal for Amendments to Global Technical Regulation No. 9. Geneva, Switzerland: 2010.
- European Experimental Vehicles Committee: Working Group 10 on Pedestrian Protection. Proposals for Methods to Evaluate Pedestrian Protection for Passenger Cars: Final Report. Australia: 1994.
- European Experimental Vehicles Committee: Working Group 10 on Pedestrian Protection. Improved Test Methods to Evaluate Pedestrian Protection Afforded by Passenger Cars. 1998.
- European Parliament Council of the European Union. Directive 2003/102/EC. 17 November 2003.
- Gavrila DM, Marchal P, Meinecke MM. Vulnerable Road User Scenario Analysis. 2003. SAVE-U Project Deliverable 1-A.
- International Harmonized Research Activities. Pedestrian Safety Working Group 2001 Report. 2001.
- Jolliffe IT. Principal Component Analysis. New York: Springer-Verlag; 1986.
- Kerrigan J, Rudd R, Subit D, Untaroiu C, Crandall JRR. Pedestrian lower extremity response and injury: A small sedan versus a large sport utility vehicle. Paper presented at: SAE 2008 World Congress & Exhibition; April 14–17, 2008; Detroit, MI.
- Li G, Lyons M, Wang B, Yang J, Otte D, Simms C. The influence of passenger car front shape on pedestrian injury risk observed from German in-depth accident data. Accid Anal Prev. 2017;101:11–21.
- Li G, Yang J, Simms C. Safer passenger car front shapes for pedestrians: a computational approach to reduce overall pedestrian injury risk in realistic impact scenarios. Accid Anal Prev. 2017;100:97–110.
- Liu XJ, Yang JK, Lövsund P. A study of influences of vehicle speed and front structure on pedestrian impact responses using mathematical models. Traffic Inj Prev. 2002;3:31–42.
- Mallory A, Stammen J. Lower Extremity Pedestrian Injury in the U.S.: A Summary of PCDS Data. NHTSA Vehicle Research and Test Center, Informal Document No. WP29-144-03; 2006.
- Martin J-L, Lardy A, Laumon B. Pedestrian injury patterns according to car and casualty characteristics in France. Ann Adv Automot Med. 2011;55:137–146.
- Martinez L, Compigne S, Guerra LJ. Influence of vehicle shape and stiffness on the pedestrian lower extremity injuries: review of current pedestrian lower leg test procedure. Paper presented at: International Research Council on Biomechanics of Injury (IRCOBI) Conference; September 17–19, 2008; Bern, Switzerland.
- Masson C, Serre T, Cesari D. Pedestrian–vehicle accident: analysis of 4 full scale tests with PMHS. Paper presented at: 20th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV); June 18–21, 2007; Lyon, France.
- Mo F, Arnoux PJ, Avalle M, Scattina A, Semino E, Masson C. Incidences of various passenger vehicle front-end designs on pedestrian lower limb injuries. Int J Crashworthiness. 2015;20:337–347.
- Mo F, Arnoux PJ, Cesari D, Masson C. The failure modeling of knee ligaments in the finite element model. Int J Crashworthiness. 2012;17:630–636.
- Mo F, Arnoux PJ, Cesari D, Masson C. Investigation on the injury threshold of the knee ligaments by the parametric study of car–pedestrian impact conditions. Saf Sci. 2014;62:58–67.
- Mo F, Arnoux PJ, Jure JJ, Masson C. Injury tolerance of tibia for the car–pedestrian impact. Accid Anal Prev. 2012;46:18–25.
- Otte D, Haasper C. Characteristics on fractures of tibia and fibula in car impacts to pedestrians and bicyclists—influences of car bumper height and shape. Ann Adv Automot Med. 2007;51:63–79.
- Yasuki T. Mechanism analysis of pedestrian knee-bending angle by sedan-type vehicle using human FE model. Int J Crashworthiness. 2007a;12:329–339.
- Yasuki T. Mechanism analysis of pedestrian knee-bending angle by SUV type vehicles using human FE model. Int J Crashworthiness. 2007b;12:645–651.
- Zhang G, Cao L, Hu J, Yang KH. A field data analysis of risk factors affecting the injury risks in vehicle-to-pedestrian crashes. Ann Adv Automot Med. 2008;52:199–214.