Study of the possible relationships between tramway front-end geometry and pedestrian injury risk

References

• Beillas P, Mero M, Belon S, et al. Accidents between pedestrians and industrial vehicles: from injury patterns to dummy and truck prototypes. Paper presented at: 22nd Enhanced Safety of Vehicles Conference (ESV); 2011; Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• Bureau de Normalisation Ferroviaire (BNF). Norme NF F15-818 Matériel Roulant Ferroviaire—Vitres Frontales [Railway Rolling Stock—Frontal Windscreens]. Paris, France: Association Française de Normalisation (AFNOR); 1996. NF-F15818.
   Google Scholar
• Compigne S, Caire Y, Quesnel T, Verriest J-P. Non-injurious and injurious impact response of the human shoulder three-dimensional analysis of kinematics and determination of injury threshold. Stapp Car Crash J. 2004;48:89–125.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• de Labonnefon V, Passelaigue JM. Rapport Annuel sur le Parc, le Trafic et les Evènements d’Exploitation des Tramways: Année 2015, Evolution 2006–2015. Saint-Martin d’Hères, France: French Technical Agency for Ropeways and Guided Transport Systems (STRMTG); 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Demant AW, Bangard C, Bovenschulte H. MDCT evaluation of injuries after tram accidents in pedestrians. Emerg Radiol. 2010;17(2):103–108.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• EEVC Working Group 17. Improved Test Methods to Evaluate Pedestrian Protection Afforded by Passenger Cars. European Enhanced Vehicle-Safety Committee; 2002.
   Google Scholar
• EuroNCAP. Pedestrian Testing Protocol, Version 8.3. Brussels, Belgium: EuroNCAP; 2016.
   Google Scholar
• European Commission Regulation (EC) no. 78/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 January 2009, Vol. 52, pp. L35/1-L35/31. Brussels, Belgium: EC; 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Feist F, Gugler J, Arregui-Dalmases C, del Pozo de Dios E, Deck C, Willinger R. Pedestrian collisions with flat-fronted vehicles: injury patterns and importance of rotational accelerations as a predictor for traumatic brain injury (TBI). Paper presented at: 21st International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV); 2009; Stuttgart, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Fredriksson R. Priorities and Potential Pedestrian Protection. Stockholm, Sweden: Karolinska Institutet; 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Grzebieta RH, Rechnitzer G. Tram interface crashworthiness. Paper presented at: International Crashworthiness Conference—ICRASH 2000; 2000; London, UK.
   Google Scholar
• Guesset A. Tramway Front End Design: Technical Guide. Saint-Martin d’Hères, France: French Technical Agency for Ropeways and Guided Transport Systems (STRMTG); 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Hedelin, A, Björnstig U, Brismar B. Trams—a risk factor for pedestrians. Accid Anal Prev. 1996;28:733–738.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyncik L, Kockova H, Cıhalova L, Cimrman R. Optimization of tram face with respect to passive safety. Appl Comput Mech. 2008;2(1):53–62.
   Google Scholar
• Kerrigan J, Arregui C, Crandall J. Pedestrian head impact dynamics: comparison of dummy and PMHS in small sedan and large SUV impacts. Paper presented at: 21st International Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV); 2009; Stuttgart, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Kerrigan J, Crandall J, Deng B. Pedestrian kinematic response to mid-sized vehicle impact. Int J Veh Saf. 2007;2(3):221–240.
   Google Scholar
• Martinez L, Guerra LJ, Ferichola G, Garcia A, Yang J. Stiffness corridors of the European fleet for pedestrian simulations. Paper presented at: 20th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV); 2007; Lyon, France.
   Google Scholar
• Matsui Y, Oikawa S, Sorimachi K, Imanishi A, Fujimura T. Association of impact velocity with serious-injury and fatality risks to cyclists in commercial truck–cyclist accidents. Stapp Car Crash J. 2017;61:355–371.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mertz HJ, Prasad P, Nusholtz G. Head Injury Risk Assessment for Forehead Impacts. 1996. SAE Technical Paper 960099.
   Google Scholar
• Schmitt K-U, Niederer PF, Walz F. Trauma Biomechanics—Introduction to Accidental lnjury. Springer-Verlag Berlin-Heidelberg; 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Soni A, Robert T, Beillas P. Effects of pedestrian pre‐crash reactions on crash outcomes during multi‐body simulations. Paper presented at: International Research Council on the Biomechanics of Impact Conference (IRCOBI); 2013; Gothenburg, Sweden.
   Google Scholar
• Subit D, Kerrigan J, Crandall J, et al. Pedestrian–vehicle interaction: kinematics and injury analysis of four full-scale tests. Paper presented at: International Research Council on the Biomechanics of Impact Conference (IRCOBI); 2008; Bern, Switzerland.
   Google Scholar
• Takhounts EG, Craig MJ, Moorhouse K, McFadden J. Development of brain injury criteria (BrIC). Stapp Car Crash J. 2013;57:243–266.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• TASS International. MADYMO Reference Model, Release 7.5. Helmond, Netherlands: TASS; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• TNO Road-Vehicle Research Institute. MADYMO Human Body Models Manual, Release 7.5. The Hague, Netherlands: TNO; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Van Hoof J, De Lange R, Wisman J. Improving pedestrian safety using numerical human models. Stapp Car Crash J. 2003;47:401–436.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Van Rooij L, Bhalla K, Meissner M, et al. Pedestrian crash reconstruction using multi-body modeling with geometrically detailed, validated vehicle models and advanced pedestrian injury criteria. Paper presented at: 18th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV); 2003; Nagoya, Japan.
   Google Scholar
• Watanabe R, Katsuhara T, Miyazaki H, Kitagawa Y, Yasuki T. Research of the relationship of pedestrian injury to collision speed, car‐type, impact location and pedestrian sizes using human FE model (THUMS Version 4). Stapp Car Crash J. 2012;56:269–321.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weber T, Muser M, Schmitt K-U. Optimising the design of tramways to mitigate injury risk in pedestrian impacts. Paper presented at: International Research Council On the Biomechanics of Impact Conference (IRCOBI); 2015; Lyon, France.
   Google Scholar