Chest injuries of elderly postmortem human surrogates (PMHSs) under seat belt and airbag loading in frontal sled impacts: Comparison to matching THOR tests

References

• Adomeit D, Heger A. Motion sequence criteria and design proposals for restraint devices in order to avoid unfavorable biomechanic conditions and submarining. Paper presented at: 19th Stapp Car Crash Conference; 1975; Warrendale, PA.
   Google Scholar
• Antona-Makoshi J, Yamamoto Y, Kato R, Sato F, Ejima S, Dokko Y, Yasuki T. Age-dependent factors affecting thoracic response: A finite element study focused on Japanese elderly occupants. Traffic Inj Prev. 2015;16:S74
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. Abbreviated Injury Scale 2005 (2008 Update). Chicago, IL: Author; 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Davidsson J, Carrol J, Hynd D, et al. Development of injury risk functions for use with the THORAX Demonstrator; an updated THOR. Paper presented at: IRCOBI Conference; 2014; Berlin, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Eggers A, Wisch M, Hynd D, Pipkorn B, Mroz K. A simulation‐based approach for improved thorax injury risk function for the THOR ATD. Paper presented at: IRCOBI Conference; 2018; Athens, Greece.
   Google Scholar
• Ellway J. Euro NCAP Mobile Progressive Deformable Barrier Specification. Ver. 1.0.1 Draft. 2017. Available at: https://www.euroncap.com/en/for-engineers/supporting-information/.
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. Demography report 2010. Commission staff working document. Luxembourg: EC; 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Forman JL, Kent RW, Mroz K, Pipkorn B, Bostrom O, Segui-Gomez M. Predicting rib fracture risk with whole-body finite element models: development and preliminary evaluation of a probabilistic analytical framework. Ann Adv Automot Med. 2012;56:109–124.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Forman JL, Lopez-Valdes FJ, Duprey S, et al. The tolerance of the human body to automobile collision impact—a systematic review of injury biomechanics research, 1990–2009. Accid Anal Prev. 2015;80:7–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hynd D, Carroll J, Davidsson J, Vezin P. Biofidelity Requirements for the THORAX Project. D2.1 THORAX Project. European Commission DG RTD 7th Framework Program; 2013. Available at: https://research.chalmers.se/publication/192427.
   Google Scholar
• Kemper AR, McNally C, Kennedy EA, et al. Material properties of human rib cortical bone from dynamic tension coupon testing. Stapp Car Crash J. 2005;49:199–230.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kemper AR, McNally C, Pullins CA, Freeman LJ, Duma SM, Rouhana SM. The biomechanics of human ribs: material and structural properties from dynamic tension and bending tests. Stapp Car Crash J. 2007;51:235–273.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kent R, Lopez-Valdes FJ, Dennis NJ, et al. Assessment of a three-point restraint system with a pre-tensioned lap belt and an inflatable, force-limited shoulder belt. Stapp Car Crash J. 2011;55:141–159.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kent R, Patrie J. Chest deflection tolerance to blunt anterior loading is sensitive to age but not load distribution. Forensic Sci Int. 2005;149:121–128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kent R, Patrie J, Benson N. The Hybrid III dummy as a discriminator of injurious and non-injurious restraint loading. Annu Proc Assoc Adv Automot Med. 2003;47:51–75.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Laituri TR, Prasad P, Sullivan K, Frankstein M, Thomas RS. Derivation and Evaluation of a Provisional Age-Dependent AIS3+ Thoracic Risk Curve for Belted Adults in Frontal Impacts. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers: 2005. Paper No. 2005-01-0297.
   Google Scholar
• Lopez-Valdes FJ, Juste O, Pipkorn B, et al. A comparison of the performance of two advanced restraint systems in frontal impacts. Traffic Inj Prev. 2014;15(Suppl 1):S119–S125.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Murach MM, Kang YS, Goldman SD, et al. Rib geometry explains variation in dynamic structural response: potential implications for frontal impact fracture risk. Ann Biomed Eng. 2017;45:2159–2173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NHTSA. THOR 50th Percentile Male (THOR-50M) Qualification Procedures Manual. Author, U.S. Department of Transportation; 2016. Docket # NHTSA2015-0119.
   Google Scholar
• Parent D, Craig M, Ridella SA, McFadden J. Thoracic biofidelity assessment of THOR Mod Kit ATD. Paper presented at: International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Perissinotto E, Pisent C, Sergi G, Grigoletto F, Enzi G. Anthropometric measurements in the elderly: age and gender differences. Br J Nutr. 2002;87:177–186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petitjean A, Baudrit P, Trosseille X. Thoracic injury criterion for frontal crash applicable to all restraint systems. Stapp Car Crash J. 2003;47:323–348.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pipkorn B, Lopez-Valdes FJ, Juste-Lorente O, Insausti R, Lundgren C, Sunnevang C. Assessment of an innovative seat belt with independent control of the shoulder and lap portions using THOR tests, the THUMS model, and PMHS tests. Traffic Inj Prev. 2016;17(Suppl 1):124–130.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Piqueras‐Lorente A, Iraeus J, Lorente AI, et al. Kinematic assessment of subject personification of human body models (THUMS). Paper presented at: IRCOBI Conference. International Research Council on the Biomechanics of Injury; 2018; Athens.
   Google Scholar
• Poplin GS, McMurry TL, Forman JL, et al. Development of thoracic injury risk functions for the THOR ATD. Accid Anal Prev. 2017;106:122–130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoell SL, Weaver AA, Vavalle NA, Stitzel JD. Age- and sex-specific thorax finite element model development and simulation. Traffic Inj Prev. 2015;16:S57–S65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoell SL, Weaver AA, Talton JW, Baker G, Doud AN, Barnard RT, Stitzel JD, Zonfrillo MR. Functional outcomes of motor vehicle crash head injuries in pediatric and adult occupants. Traffic Inj Prev. 2016;17(Suppl 1):27–33.
   Google Scholar
• Shurtz BK, Agnew AM, Kang Y, Bolte J. Application of Scaled Deflection Injury Criteria to Two Small, Fragile Females in Side Impact Motor Vehicle Crashes. Warrendale, PA: SAE International; 2018. SAE Technical Paper 2018-01-0542.
   Google Scholar
• THUMS User Community. 2018. Available at: http://www.tuc-project.org.
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Bone Health and Osteoporosis: A Report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, MD: Author, Office of the Surgeon General; 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Vittinghoff E, Glidden DV, McCulloch CE, Shiboski SC. Regression Methods in Biostatistics. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Wisch M, Lerner E, Vukovic E, Hynd D, Fiorentino A, Fornells A. Injury patterns of older car occupants, older pedestrians or cyclists in road traffic crashes with passenger cars in Europe—results from SENIORS. Paper presented at: IRCOBI Conference; 2017; Antwerp, Belgium.
   Google Scholar