Adapting load limiter deployment for frontal crash diversity

References

• Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. 1990. Abbreviated Injury Scale 1990 Revision. Des Plaines (IL): Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine.
   Google Scholar
• Bosch-Rekveldt M, Brandse J, Couper G, Morris R, Neale M. 2005. Development and application of generic restraint numerical models for parametric investigations of selected impact scenarios. PRISM, Tech. Rep. 2005 Dec 6:R7.
   Google Scholar
• Bose D, Segui-Gomez M, Crandall JR. 2011. Vulnerability of female drivers involved in motor vehicle crashes: an analysis of the us population at risk. Am J Public Health. 101(12):2368–2373. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300275
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brumbelow ML, Baker BC, Nolan JM. 2007. Effects of seat belt load limiters on driver fatalities in frontal crashes of passenger cars. 20th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles Conference (ESV), Lyon, France.
   Google Scholar
• Carter PM, Flannagan CA, Reed MP, Cunningham RM, Rupp JD. 2014. Comparing the effects of age, BMI and gender on severe injury (AIS 3+) in motor-vehicle crashes. Accid Anal Prev. 72(72C):146–160. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2014.05.024
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ekambaram K, Frampton R, Lenard J. 2019. Factors associated with chest injuries to front seat occupants in frontal impacts. Traffic Inj Prev. 1–6. doi:10.1080/15389588.2019.1654606
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekambaram K, Frampton R, Bartlett L. 2015. Improving the chest protection of elderly occupants in frontal crashes using SMART load limiters. Traffic Inj Pre. 16 (sup2):S77–S86. doi:10.1080/15389588.2015.1064528
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foret-Bruno JY, Trosseille X, L Coz JY, Bendjellal F, Bendjella F, Steyer C, Phalempin T, Villeforceix D, Dandres P, Got C. 1998. Thoracic injury risk in frontal car crashes with occupant restrained with load limiter. SAE Transactions. 1998 Jan 1:p. 2955–2975. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers.
   Google Scholar
• Hardy R, Watson J, Frampton R, Page M, Zioupos P, Cook R, Kennedy A, Sproston P, Forrester B, Peach S. 2005. BOSCOS-developments and benefits of a bone scanning system. In International IRCOBI Conference on The Biomechanics of Impact, Prague, Czech Republic.
   Google Scholar
• Hassan AM, Hill JR, Parkin S, Mackay GM. 1995. Secondary Safety Developments: Some Applications of Field Data. In Autotech. 1995. ImechE.
   Google Scholar
• Hu J, Zhang K, Reed MP, Wang J, Neal M, Lin C. 2019. Frontal crash simulations using parametric human models representing a diverse population. Traffic Inj Prev. 20 (sup1):S97–S105. doi:10.1080/15389588.2019.1581926
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hynd D, Carroll J, Richards D. 2011. Restraint System Safety Diversity in Frontal Impact Accidents. TRL Published Project, PPR577. Available from: https://trl.co.uk/sites/default/files/PPR577_secure.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Kent R, Trowbridge M, Lopez-Valdes FJ, Ordoyo RH, Segui-Gomez M. 2009. How Many People are Injured and Killed as a Result of Aging? Frailty, Fragility, and the Elderly Risk-exposure Trade-off Assessed Via a Risk Saturation Model. Ann Adv Automot Med. 53:41–50.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kent RW, Crandall JR, Bolton J, Prasad P, Nusholtz G, Mertz H. 2001. The Influence of Superficial Soft Tissues and Restraint Condition on Thoracic Skeletal Injury Prediction. SAE Technical Paper Series 2001-22-0008. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers.
   Google Scholar
• Kitagawa Y, Yasuki T. 2013. Correlation among seat belt load, chest deflection, rib fracture and internal organ strain in frontal collisions with human body finite element models. IRCOBI Conference. 2013 p. 282–316.
   Google Scholar
• Linder A, Svensson MY. 2019. Road safety: the average male as a norm in vehicle occupant crash safety assessment. Interdiscip Sci Rev. 44(2):140–153. doi:10.1080/03080188.2019.1603870
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mackay GM, Ashton SJ, Galer MD, Thomas PD. 1985. The methodology of in-depth studies of car crashes in Great Britain. SAE Technical. Paper No. 850556.
   Google Scholar
• NHTSA. 2005. Lives saved by the federal motor vehicle safety standards and other vehicle safety technologies, p. 1960–2002. Washington, DC: US Department of Transportation.
   Google Scholar
• NHTSA. 2008. Consumer information; New Car Assessment Programme (NCAP). Docket No. NHTSA-2006-26555. Washington, DC: US Department of Transportation.
   Google Scholar
• Parkin S, Mackay GM, Cooper A. 1995. How drivers sit in cars. Accid Anal Prev. 27(6):777–783. doi:10.1016/0001-4575(95)00035-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paulitz TJ, Blackketter DM, Rink KK. 2005. Fully-adaptive seat belts for frontal collisions. In Proceedings of 19th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles. Washington DC, June (pp. 6–9).
   Google Scholar
• TNO. 2013. MADYMO applications manual release 7.4.1. Delft, Netherlands: TNO Automotive.
   Google Scholar
• Welsh R, Morris A, Clift L. 2003. The effect of height on injury outcome for drivers of European passenger cars. Proc Assoc Adv Automot Med. 47(1992):401–416.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar