Restraint systems considering occupant diversity and pre-crash posture

References

• Bose D , Crandall JR , Untaroiu CD , Maslen EH. 2010. Influence of pre-collision occupant parameters on injury outcome in a frontal collision. Accid Anal Prev. 42(4):1398–1407. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2010.03.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bose D , Segui-Gomez M , Crandall JR. 2011. Vulnerability of female drivers involved in motor vehicle crashes: an analysis of US population at risk. Am J Public Health. 101(12):2368–2373. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300275
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu J , Flannagan CA , Bao S , McCoy RW , Siasoco KM , Barbat S. 2015. Integration of active and passive safety technologies–A method to study and estimate field capability. Stapp Car Crash J. 59:269–296.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hu J , Rupp J , Reed M. 2012. Focusing on vulnerable populations in crashes: recent advances in finite element human models for injury biomechanics research. J Automotive Safety Ener. 3:295–307.
   Google Scholar
• Hu J , Zhang K , Reed MP , Wang JT , Neal M , Lin CH. 2019. Frontal crash simulations using parametric human models representing a diverse population. Traffic Inj Prev. 20(sup1):S97–S105. doi:10.1080/15389588.2019.1581926
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hwang E , Hu J , Chen C , Klein KF , Miller CS , Reed MP , Rupp JD , Hallman JJ. 2016. Development, evaluation, and sensitivity analysis of parametric finite element whole-body human models in side impacts. Stapp Car Crash J. 60:473–508.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Iraeus J , Lindquist M. 2016. Development and validation of a generic finite element vehicle buck model for the analysis of driver rib fractures in real life nearside oblique frontal crashes. Accid Anal Prev. 95(Pt A):42–56. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2016.06.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jolivet E , Lafon Y , Petit P , Beillas P. 2015. Comparison of Kriging and moving least square methods to change the geometry of human body models. Stapp Car Crash J. 59:337–357.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Joodaki H , Gepner B , McMurry T , Kerrigan J. 2020. Comparison of injuries of belted occupants among different BMI categories in frontal crashes. Int J Obes. 44(6):1319–1329. doi:10.1038/s41366-019-0481-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirschbichler S , Huber P , Prüggler A , Steidl T , Sinz W , Mayer C , et al. 2014. Factors influencing occupant kinematics during braking and lane change Maneuvers in a passenger vehicle. IRCOBI Conference. Berlin, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Östh J , Olafsdottir JM , Davidsson J , Brolin K. 2013. Driver kinematic and muscle responses in braking events with standard and reversible pre-tensioned restraints: validation data for human models. Stapp Car Crash J. 57:1–41.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Prasad P , Mertz HJ , Dalmotas DJ , Augenstein JS , Diggs K. 2010. Evaluation of the field relevance of several injury risk functions. Stapp Car Crash J. 54:49–72.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reed MP , Ebert SM , Jones MLH , Park BKD. 2019. Comparison across vehicles of passenger head kinematics in abrupt vehicle maneuvers. Traffic Inj Prev. 20(sup2):S128–S132. doi:10.1080/15389588.2019.1689566
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reed MP , Manary MA , Flannagan CA , Schneider LW. 2002. A statistical method for predicting automobile driving posture. Hum Factors. 44(4):557–568. doi:10.1518/0018720024496917
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reed MP. 2013. Driver preference for fore-aft steering wheel location. SAE Int J Passenger Cars—Mech Syst. 6(2):629–635.
   Google Scholar
• Rupp JD , Flannagan CAC , Leslie AJ , Hoff CN , Reed MP , Cunningham RM. 2013. Effects of BMI on the risk and frequency of AIS 3+ injuries in motor-vehicle crashes. Obesity (Silver Spring). 21(1):E88–E97. doi:10.1002/oby.20079
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scanlon JM , Kusano KD , Gabler HC. 2015. Analysis of driver evasive maneuvering prior to intersection crashes using event data recorders. Traffic Inj Prev. 16(Suppl 2):S182–S9. doi:10.1080/15389588.2015.1066500
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoell SL , Weaver AA , Urban JE , Jones DA , Stitzel JD , Hwang E , Reed MP , Rupp JD , Hu J. 2015. Development and validation of an older occupant finite element model of a mid-sized male for investigation of age-related injury risk. Stapp Car Crash J. 59:359–383.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schwartz D , Guleyupoglu B , Koya B , Stitzel JD , Gayzik FS. 2015. Development of a computationally efficient full human body finite element model. Traffic Inj Prev. 16(Suppl 1):S49–S56. doi:10.1080/15389588.2015.1021418
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stockman I. 2016. Safety for Children in Cars – Focus on Three Point Seatbelts in Emergency Events. Department of Applied Mechanics. Gothenburg, Sweden: Chalmers University of Technology,
   Google Scholar
• Untaroiu CD , Adam TJ. 2012. Occupant classification for an adaptive restraint system: The methodology and benefits in terms of injury reduction. IRCOBI Conference Proceedings - International Research Council on the Biomechanics of Injury 12–14 September 2012, Dublin, Ireland.
   Google Scholar
• Vavalle NA , Schoell SL , Weaver AA , Stitzel JD , Gayzik FS. 2014. Application of radial basis function methods in the development of a 95th percentile male seated FEA Model. Stapp Car Crash J. 58:361–384.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang K , Cao L , Fanta A , Reed MP , Neal M , Wang J-T , Lin C-H , Hu J. 2017a. An automated method to morph finite element whole-body human models with a wide range of stature and body shape for both men and women. J Biomech. 60:253–260. doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2017.06.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang K , Cao L , Wang Y , Hwang E , Reed MP , Forman J , Hu J. 2017b. Impact response comparison between parametric human models and postmortem human subjects with a wide range of obesity levels. Obesity (Silver Spring). 25(10):1786–1794. doi:10.1002/oby.21947
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu S , Kim J-E , Ma X , Shih A , Laud PW , Pintar F , Shen W , Heymsfield SB , Allison DB. 2010. BMI and risk of serious upper body injury following motor vehicle crashes: concordance of real-world and computer-simulated observations. PLoS Med. 7(3):e1000250. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000250
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar