Evaluation of static belt fit and belt torso contact for children on belt-positioning booster seats

References

• Andersson M, Bohman K, Osvalder AL. 2010. Effect of booster seat design on children's choice of seating positions during naturalistic riding. Ann Adv Automot Med. 54:171–180.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Arbogast KB, Kim J, Loeb H, Kuo J, Koppel S, Bohman K, Charlton JL. 2016. Naturalistic driving study of rear seat child occupants: Quantification of head position using a Kinect™ sensor. Traffic Inj Prev. 17 Suppl 1:168–174. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2016.1194981
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker G, Stockman I, Bohman K, Jakobsson L, Osvalder A-L, Svensson M, Wimmerstedt M. 2018. Kinematics and shoulder belt engagement of children on belt-positioning boosters during evasive steering maneuvers. Traffic Inj Prev. 19(sup1):S131–S138. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2017.1398401
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bidez M, Hauschild H, Mergl K, Syson S. 2005. Small occupant dynamics in the rear seat: influence of impact angle and belt restraint design. SAE Technical Paper Series.
   Google Scholar
• Bohman K, Stockman I, Jakobsson L, Wimmerstedt M, Kruse D, Sundmark H. 2018. Comparisons of Q10 original and different Q10 Euro NCAP 2020 update dummies in frontal and side impact sled tests. In: 16th International Protection Of Children In Cars Conference. Munich; 1–16.
   Google Scholar
• Bohman K, Arbogast KB, Bostrom O. 2011. Head injury causation scenarios for belted, rear-seated children in frontal impacts. Traffic Inj Prev. 12(1):62–70. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2010.526159
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohman K, Arbogast KB, Loeb H, Charlton JL, Koppel S, Cross SL. 2018. Frontal and oblique crash tests of HIII 6-year-old child ATD using real-world, observed child passenger postures. Traffic Inj Prev. 19(sup1):S125–S130. Feb 28doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2017.1385781
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohman K, Bostrom O, Osvalder A, Eriksson M. 2007. Rear seat frontal impact protection for children seated on booster cushions – an attitude, handling and safety approach. In: Proceedings of the 20th Enhanced Safety of Vehicles Conference. Lyon; 07-0268.
   Google Scholar
• Bohman K, Stockman I, Jakobsson L, Osvalder AL, Bostrom O, Arbogast KB. 2011. Kinematics and shoulder belt position of child rear seat passengers during vehicle maneuvers. Ann Adv Automot Med. 55:15–26.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chamouard F, Tarriere C, Baudrit P. 1996. Protection of children on board vehicles influence of pelvis design and thigh and abdomen stiffness on the submarining risk for dummies installed on a booster. In: Proceedings of the International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles; May 13-16, Melbourne, Australia.
   Google Scholar
• Insurance Institute for Highway Safety 2018. Booster seat belt fit evaluation protocol (Version IV). IIHS, Ruckersville, Virginia.
   Google Scholar
• Jakobsson L, Bohman K, Stockman I, Andersson M, Osvalder A. 2021. Older children's sitting postures when riding in the rear seat. In: Proceedings of 2011 IRCOBI Conference. Krakow; 137–148.
   Google Scholar
• Jones MLH, Ebert S, Manary MA, Reed MP, Klinich KD. 2020. Child posture and belt fit in a range of booster configurations. IJERPH. 17(3):810. Published 2020 Jan 28. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030810
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klinich KD, Ebert SM, Reed MP. 2016. Child posture and belt fit in second-row vehicle seats. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Transportation Research Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Klinich KD, Jones MH, Manary MA, et al. 2020. Investigation of potential design and performance criteria for booster seats through volunteer and dynamic testing. (Report No. DOT HS 812 919). Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
   Google Scholar
• Klinich KD, Reed MP, Ritchie NL, et al. 2008. Assessing child belt fit, volume II: effect of restraint configuration, booster seat designs, seating procedure, and belt fit on the dynamic response of the hybrid III 10YO ATD in sled tests. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Transportation Research Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Malott A, Parenteau C, Arbogast K, Mari-Gowda S. 2004. Sled Test results using the hybrid III 6 year old: an evaluation of various restraints and crash configurations. SAE Technical Paper Series.
   Google Scholar
• National Center for Injury Prevention and Control 2016. 10 leading causes of injury deaths by age group highlighting unintentional injury deaths. United States.
   Google Scholar
• O'Neil J, Daniels DM, Talty JL, Bull MJ. 2009. Seat belt misuse among children transported in belt-positioning booster seats. Accid Anal Prev. 41(3):425–429. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2009.01.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osvalder A, Hansson I, Stockman I, Carlsson A, Bohman K, Jakobsson L. 2021. Older children’s sitting postures, behaviour and comfort experience during ride – a comparison between an integrated booster cushion and a high-back booster. In: Proceedings of 2013 IRCOBI Conference. Gothenburg; 882–895.
   Google Scholar
• Reed M, Ebert-Hamilton S, Manary M, Klinich K, Schneider L. 2005. A new database of child anthropometry and seated posture for automotive safety applications. SAE Technical Paper Series.
   Google Scholar
• Reed MP, Ebert-Hamilton SM, Klinich KD, Manary MA, Rupp JD. 2008. Assessing child belt fit, volume I: effects of vehicle seat and belt geometry on belt fit for children with and without belt positioning booster seats. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, Transportation Research Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Reed MP, Ebert-Hamilton SM, Klinich KD, Manary MA, Rupp JD. 2013. Effects of vehicle seat and belt geometry on belt fit for children with and without belt positioning booster seats. Accid Anal Prev. 50:512–522. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2012.05.030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seacrist T, Locey CM, Mathews EA, Jones DL, Balasubramanian S, Maltese MR, Arbogast KB. 2014. Evaluation of pediatric ATD biofidelity as compared to child volunteers in low-speed far-side oblique and lateral impacts. Traffic Inj Prev. 15 Suppl 1:S206–S14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Society of Automotive Engineers 2007. SAEJ211-1 instrumentation for impact test, surface vehicle recommended practice. Warrendale (PA): SAE International.
   Google Scholar
• Tylko S, Dalmotas D. 2005. Protection of rear seat occupants in frontal crashes. In: Proceedings of The 19th Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles; June 6-9, Washington D.C., USA.
   Google Scholar
• Vesentini L, Willems B. 2007. Premature graduation of children in child restraint systems: an observational study. Accid Anal Prev. 39(5):867–872. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2006.08.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. 2018. Global status report on road safety 2018. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
   Google Scholar