Creatively Increasing Empathy: The Impacts of an Online Empathy Workshop

References

• Back, M. D., Küfner, A. C., Dufner, M., Gerlach, T. M., Rauthmann, J. F., & Denissen, J. J. (2013). Narcissistic admiration and rivalry: Disentangling the bright and dark sides of narcissism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 105(6), 1013–1037. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034431
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beitel, M., Ferrer, E., & Cecero, J. J. (2005). Psychological mindedness and awareness of self and others. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61(6), 739–750. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20095
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birnie, K., Speca, M., & Carlson, L. E. (2010). Exploring self-compassion and empathy in the context of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR). Stress and Health, 26(5), 359–371. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.1305
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bloom, Z. D., McNeil, V. A., Flasch, P., & Sanders, F. (2018). A comparison of empathy and sympathy between counselors-in-training and their non-counseling academic peers. The Professional Counselor. 8(4), 341–347. http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.liberty.edu/10.15241/zdb.8.4.341
   Google Scholar
• Bluth, K., & Blanton, P. W. (2014). Mindfulness and self-compassion: Exploring pathways to adolescent emotional well-being. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23(7), 1298–1309. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-013-9830-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bodenhorn, N., & Starkey, D. (2005). Beyond role-playing: Increasing counselor empathy through theater exercises. Journal of Creativity in Mental Health, 1(2), 17–27. https://doi.org/10.1300/J456v01n02_03
   Google Scholar
• Bourgault, P., Lavoie, S., Paul-Savoie, E., Grégoire, M., Michaud, C., Gosselin, E., & Johnston, C. C. (2015). Relationship between empathy and well-being among emergency nurses. Journal of Emergency Nursing, 41(4), 323–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jen.2014.10.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss. Random House.
   Google Scholar
• Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
   Google Scholar
• Breines, J. G., & Chen, S. (2012). Self-Compassion increases self-improvement motivation. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 38(9), 1133–1143. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167212445599
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(4), 822–848. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.822
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cain, N. M., Pincus, A. L., & Ansell, E. B. (2008). Narcissism at the crossroads: Phenotypic description of pathological narcissism across clinical theory, social/personality psychology, and psychiatric diagnosis. Clinical Psychology Review, 28(4), 638–656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2007.09.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell, J., Schermer, J. A., Villani, V. C., Nguyen, B., Vickers, L., & Vernon, P. A. (2009). A behavioral genetic study of the dDark tTriad of personality and moral development. Twin Research and Human Genetics, 12(2), 132–136. https://doi.org/10.1375/twin.12.2.132
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho, E., & Jeon, S. (2019). The role of empathy and psychological need satisfaction in pharmacy students’ burnout and well-being. BMC Medical Education, 19(1), 43. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-019-1477-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cisek, S. Z., Sedikides, C., Hart, C. M., Godwin, H. J., Benson, V., & Liversedge, S. P. (2014). Narcissism and consumer behavior: A review and preliminary findings. Frontiers in Psychology, 5(232), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00232
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Clinton, T., & Sibcy, G. A. (2002). Attachments: Why you love, feel, and act the way you do. Thomas Nelson.
   Google Scholar
• Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs [CACREP]. (2016).2016 CACREP standards. CACREP. https://www.cacrep.org/for-programs/2016-cacrep-standards/
   Google Scholar
• Davis, M. H. (1983). Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44(1), 113-126. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.44.1.113
   Google Scholar
• Derry, K. L., Ohan, J. L., & Bayliss, D. M. (2017). Toward understanding and measuring grandiose and vulnerable narcissism within trait personality models. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 35(4), 498–511. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000432
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dinger, U., Jennissen, S., & Rek, I. (2019). Attachment style of volunteer counselors in telephone emergency services predicts counseling processes. Frontiers in Psychology, 10(1936), 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01936
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Finlay-Jones, A., Kane, R., & Rees, C. (2017). Self-compassion online: A pilot study of an internet-based self-compassion program for psychology trainees. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 73(7), 797–816. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22375
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraley, R. C., Waller, N. G., & Brennan, K. A. (2000). An item-response theory analysis of self-report measures of adult attachment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(2), 350–365. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.78.2.350
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fulton, C. L. (2016). Mindfulness, self-compassion, and counselor characteristics and session variables. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 38(4), 360–374. https://doi.org/10.17744/mehc.38.4.06
   Google Scholar
• Fulton, C. L. (2018). Self‐Compassion as a mediator of mindfulness and compassion for others. Counseling and Values, 63(1), 45–56. https://doi.org/10.1002/cvj.12072
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuochi, G., Veneziani, C. A., & Voci, A. (2017). Exploring the social side of self-compassion: Relationships with empathy and outgroup attitudes. European Journal of Social Psychology, 48(6), 769–783. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2378
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garzon, F., & Ford, K. (2016). Adapting mindfulness for conservative Christians. Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 35(3), 263–268. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2017-00414-007
   Google Scholar
• Gawali, C. K. (2012). Relationship between emotional intelligence and coping among college teachers. Journal of Psychological Research, 7(1), 25–32. http://web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=1&sid=1e3863df-e9dc-491c-915e-7ba808a54ce2%40pdc-v-sessmgr04
   Google Scholar
• González González, H., Fernández Caminero, G., & Espino Díaz, L. (2018). The dark triad: A different relationship between personality and empathy: A review from an educational perspective. International Journal of Environmental & Science Education, 13(4), 431–440. http://www.ijese.com
   Google Scholar
• Greason, P. B., & Cashwell, C. S. (2009). Mindfulness and counseling self-efficacy: The mediating role of attention and empathy. Counselor Education and Supervision, 49(1), 2–19. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6978.2009.tb00083.x
   Google Scholar
• Grossman, P. (2010). Mindfulness for psychologists: Paying kind attention to the perceptible. Mindfulness, 1(2), 87–97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-010-0012-7
   Google Scholar
• Harrichand, J. S., Knight, A. M., & Captari, D. (2017). The impact of emotional intelligence on counselor burnout. Virginia Counselors Journal, 35(Spring 2017), 40–47. https://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.vcacounselors.org/resource/resmgr/Journals/JournalVol35_Spr2017.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Hepper, E. G., Hart, C. M., & Sedikides, C. (2014). Moving narcissus: Can narcissists be empathic? Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 40(9), 1079–1091. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167214535812
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill, C. E., Thompson, B. J., & Williams, E. N. (1997). A guide to conducting consensual qualitative research. The Counseling Psychologist, 25(4), 517–572. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000097254001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, H., Liu, Y., & Su, Y. (2020). What is the relationship between empathy and mental health in preschool teachers: the role of teaching experience. Frontiers in Psychology, 11(1366), 1078. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01366
   Google Scholar
• IBM Corp. Released 2016. IBM SPSS statistics for windows, version 24.0. IBM Corp.
   Google Scholar
• Khajeh, A., Baharloo, G., & Soliemani, F. (2014). The relationship between psychological well-being and empathy quotient. Management Science Letters, 4(6), 1211–1214. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2014.5.005
   Google Scholar
• Knight, A. M., Sibcy, G. A., & Gantt, A. C. (2019). Intentional empathy. In A. Knight, G. Sibcy, S. Warren, & R. Hawkins (Eds.), Research-based counseling skills: The art and science of therapeutic empathy. (pp. 57-73). Kendall Hunt.
   Google Scholar
• Knight, A. M., Sibcy, G. A., Gantt, A. C., Carapezza, K. M., & Macon, K. P. (2018). The impact of brief God attachment workshop attendance on God attachment. The Virginia Counselors Journal, 36(Fall 2018), 48–55. https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/ccfs_fac_pubs/165/
   Google Scholar
• Kopp, J. P., & Finney, S. J. (2013). Linking academic entitlement and student incivility using latent means modeling. The Journal of Experimental Education, 81(3), 322–326. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220973.2012.727887
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruger, J., & Dunning, D. (1999). Unskilled and unaware of it: How difficulties in recognizing one’s own incompetence lead to inflated self-assessments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(6), 1121–1134. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.77.6.1121
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuypers, K. P. C. (2017). Emotional empathic responses to dynamic negative affective stimuli is gender- dependent. Frontiers in Psychology, 8(149), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01491
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lafontaine, M., Guzmán-González, M., Péloquin, K., & Levesque, C. (2018). I am not in your shoes: Low perspective taking mediating the relation among attachment insecurities and physical intimate partner violence in Chilean university students. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 33(22), 3439–3458. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260516632812
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenz, A. S., & Sangganjanavanich, V. F. (2013). Evidence for the utility of a photovoice task as an empathic skill acquisition strategy among counselors-in-training. The Journal of Humanistic Counseling, 52(1), 39–53. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1939.2013.00031.x
   Google Scholar
• Mayer, J., Salovey, P., Caruso, D., & Cherkassikiy, L. (2012). Emotional intelligence. In R. J. Stenberg & S. B. Kaufman (Eds.), Cambridge handbook of intelligence. (pp. 528-549). Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mikulincer, M., Shaver, P. R., Gillath, O., & Nitzberg, R. A. (2005). Attachment, caregiving, and altruism: Boosting attachment security increases compassion and helping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89(5), 817–839. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.89.5.817
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morelli, A. S., Ong, C. D., Makati, R., Jackson, O. M., & Zaki, J. (2017). Empathy and well-being correlate with centrality in different social networks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 114(37), 9843–9847. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1702155114
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morelli, S. A., Lieberman, M. D., & Zaki, J. (2015). The emerging study of positive empathy. Social Personal Psychological Compass, 9(2), 57–68. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/spc3.12157
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neff, K. (2003). Self-compassion: An alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself. Self and Identity, 2(2), 85–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860309032
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neff, K., & Germer, C. (2018). The mindful self-compassion workbook: A proven way to accept yourself, build inner strength, and thrive. Guilford Publication.
   Google Scholar
• Neff, K. D., & Pommier, E. (2013). The relationship between self-compassion and other-focused concern among college undergraduates, community adults, and practicing meditators. Self and Identity, 12(2), 160–176. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2011.649546
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrides, K. V. (2009). Psychometric properties of the trait emotional intelligence questionnaire. In C. Stough, D. H. Saklofske, & J. D. Parker (Eds.), Advances in the assessment of emotional intelligence. (pp. 9-40). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-88370-0_
   Google Scholar
• Petrides, K. V., & Furnham, A. (2003). Trait emotional intelligence: Behavioural validation in two studies of emotion recognition and reactivity to mood induction. European Journal of Personality, 17(1), 39–57. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.466
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pullmann, H., & Allik, J. (2000). The Rosenberg self-esteem scale: Its dimensionality, stability and personality correlates in Estonian. Personality and Individual Differences, 28(4), 701–715. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(99)00132-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raskin, R., & Terry, H. (1988). A principal-components analysis of the Narcissistic personality inventory and further evidence of its construct validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(5), 890–902. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.54.5.890
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers, C. R. (1961). On becoming a person. Houghton Mifflin.
   Google Scholar
• Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Salovey, P., & Mayer, J. D. (1990). Emotional intelligence. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 9(3), 185–211. https://doi.org/10.2190/DUGG-P24E-52WK-6CDG
   Google Scholar
• Schumann, K., Zaki, J., & Dweck, C. S. (2014). Addressing the empathy deficit: Beliefs about the malleability of empathy predict effortful responses when empathy is challenging. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 107(3), 475. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0036738
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seligman, M. E. P. (2011). Flourish: A visionary new understanding of happiness and well-being. Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55(1), 5–14. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silvey, R. J., Kuhnley, A. K., Nguyen, T., Lim., J., & Dimondi, E. (2020). What do effective clinicians do? A Consensual qualitative analysis of clinical practices and salient literature. CAPS Conference 2020; Atlanta, Georgia.
   Google Scholar
• Stanley, S., Mettilda Buvaneswari, G., & Meenakshi, A. (2020). Predictors of empathy in women social workers. Journal of Social Work, 20(1), 43–63. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468017318794280
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Topp, W. C., Østergaard, D. S., Søndergaard, S., & Bech, P. (2015). The WHO-5 well-being index: A systematic review of the literature. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 84(3), 167–176. https://doi.org/10.1159/000376585
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Berkhout, E., & Malouff, J. M. (2015). The efficacy of empathy training: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 63(1), 32–41. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000093
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vinayak, S., & Judge, J. (2018). Resilience and empathy as predictors of psychological wellbeing among adolescents. International Journal of Health Sciences and Research, 8(4), 192–200. https://www.ijhsr.org/IJHSR_Vol.8_Issue.4_April2018/IJHSR_abstract.029.html
   Google Scholar
• Wai, M., & Tiliopoulos, N. (2012). The affective and cognitive empathic nature of the dark triad of personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 52(7), 794–799. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.01.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson, P. J., Grisham, S. O., Trotter, M. V., & Biderman, M. D. (1984). Narcissism and empathy: Validity evidence for the Narcissistic personality inventory. Journal of Personality Assessment, 48(3), 301–305. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4803_12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson, P. J., & Morris, R. J. (1991). Narcissism, empathy and social desirability. Personality and Individual Differences, 12(6), 575–579. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(91)90253-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei, M., Liao, K. Y. H., Ku, T. Y., & Shaffer, P. A. (2011). Attachment, self‐compassion, empathy, and subjective well‐being among college students and community adults. Journal of Personality, 79(1), 191–221. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00677.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young Kaelber, K. A., & Schwartz, R. C. (2014). Empathy and emotional intelligence among eastern and western counsellor trainees: A preliminary study. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 36(3), 274–286. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-013-9206-8
   Google Scholar