Sleepy Teens and Energy Drink Use: Results From an Ethnically Diverse Sample of Youth

References

• Aepli, A., Kurth, S., Tesler, N., Jenni, O. G., & Huber, R. (2015). Caffeine consuming children and adolescents show altered sleep behavior and deep sleep. Brain Sciences, 5(4), 441–455. doi:10.3390/brainsci5040441
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arria, A. M., Caldeira, K. M., Kasperski, S. J., O’Grady, K. E., Vincent, K. B., Griffiths, R. R., & Wish, E. D. (2010). Increased alcohol consumption, nonmedical prescription drug use, and illicit drug use are associated with energy drink consumption among college students. Journal of Addiction Medicine, 4(2), 74–80. doi:10.1097/ADM.0b013e3181aa8dd4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arria, A. M., Caldeira, K. M., Kasperski, S. J., Vincent, K. B., Griffiths, R. R., & O’Grady, K. E. (2011). Energy drink consumption and increased risk for alcohol dependence. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 35(2), 365–375. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01352.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Attila, S., & Cakir, B. (2011). Energy-drink consumption in college students and associated factors. Nutrition, 27(3), 316–322. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2010.02.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker, T. B., Piper, M. E., McCarthy, D. E., Majeskie, M. R., & Fiore, M. C. (2004). Addiction motivation reformulated: An affective processing model of negative reinforcement. Psychological Review, 111(1), 33–51. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.111.1.33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benjamini, Y., & Hochberg, Y. (1995). Controlling the false discovery rate: A practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B-Methodological, 57(1), 289–300.
   Google Scholar
• Bernstein, G. A., Carroll, M. E., Thuras, P. D., Cosgrove, K. P., & Roth, M. E. (2002). Caffeine dependence in teenagers. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 66(1), 1–6. doi:10.1016/S0376-8716(01)00181-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berwick, D. M., Murphy, J. M., Goldman, P. A., Ware, J. E., Jr., Barsky, A. J., & Weinstein, M. C. (1991). Performance of a five-item mental health screening test. Medical Care, 29(2), 169–176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bramstedt, K. A. (2007). Caffeine use by children: The quest for enhancement. Substance Use & Misuse, 42(8), 1237–1251. doi:10.1080/10826080701208962
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Branum, A. M., Rossen, L. M., & Schoendorf, K. C. (2014). Trends in caffeine intake among U.S. children and adolescents. Pediatrics, 133(3), 386–393.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buysse, D. J., Reynolds, C. F., 3rd, Monk, T. H., Berman, S. R., & Kupfer, D. J. (1989). The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: A new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Research, 28(2), 193–213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calamaro, C. J., Mason, T. B., & Ratcliffe, S. J. (2009). Adolescents living the 24/7 lifestyle: Effects of caffeine and technology on sleep duration and daytime functioning. Pediatrics, 123(6), e1005–1010. doi:10.1542/peds.2008-3641
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carskadon, M. A., Acebo, C., & Jenni, O. G. (2004). Regulation of adolescent sleep: Implications for behavior. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1021, 276–291. doi:10.1196/annals.1308.032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carskadon, M. A., Wolfson, A. R., Acebo, C., Tzischinsky, O., & Seifer, R. (1998). Adolescent sleep patterns, circadian timing, and sleepiness at a transition to early school days. Sleep, 21(8), 871–881.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curcio, G., Ferrara, M., & De Gennaro, L. (2006). Sleep loss, learning capacity and academic performance. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 10(5), 323–337. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2005.11.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Amico, E. J., Tucker, J. S., Miles, J. N., Zhou, A. J., Shih, R. A., & Green, H. D., Jr. (2012). Preventing alcohol use with a voluntary after-school program for middle school students: Results from a cluster randomized controlled trial of CHOICE. Prevention Science, 13(4), 415–425. doi:10.1007/s11121-011-0269-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frary, C. D., Johnson, R. K., & Wang, M. Q. (2005). Food sources and intakes of caffeine in the diets of persons in the United States. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 105(1), 110–113. doi:10.1016/j.jada.2004.10.027
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grandner, M. A., Knutson, K. L., Troxel, W., Hale, L., Jean-Louis, G., & Miller, K. E. (2014). Disparities in sleep and energy drink use, and implications for health disparities. Nutrition Reviews, 72(S1), 14–22.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasler, B. P., & Clark, D. B. (2013). Circadian misalignment, reward-related brain function, and adolescent alcohol involvement. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 37(4), 558–565. doi:10.1111/acer.12003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heckman, M. A., Sherry, K., & de Mejia, E. G. (2010). Energy drinks: An assessment of their market size, consumer demographics, ingredient profile, functionality, and regulations in the United States. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 9(3), 303–317. doi:10.1111/j.1541-4337.2010.00111.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huntley, E. D., & Juliano, L. M. (2012). Caffeine Expectancy Questionnaire (CaffEQ): Construction, psychometric properties, and associations with caffeine use, caffeine dependence, and other related variables. Psychological Assessment, 24(3), 592–607. doi:10.1037/a0026417
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishak, W. W., Ugochukwu, C., Bagot, K., Khalili, D., & Zaky, C. (2012). Energy drinks: Psychological effects and impact on well-being and quality of life—A literature review. Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience, 9(1), 25–34.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ivanenko, A., Crabtree, V. M., & Gozal, D. (2005). Sleep and depression in children and adolescents. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 9(2), 115–129. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2004.09.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Javaheri, S., Storfer-Isser, A., Rosen, C. L., & Redline, S. (2011). Association of short and long sleep durations with insulin sensitivity in adolescents. Journal of Pediatrics, 158(4), 617–623. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.09.080
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston, L. D., O’Malley, P. M., & Bachman, J. G. (1998). National survey results on drug use from the Monitoring the Future Study, 1975– 1997:Vol. 1. Secondary school students. Bethesda, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse.
   Google Scholar
• Juliano, L. M., & Griffiths, R. R. (2004). A critical review of caffeine withdrawal: Empirical validation of symptoms and signs, incidence, severity, and associated features. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 176(1), 1–29. doi:10.1007/s00213-004-2000-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keyes, K. M., Maslowsky, J., Hamilton, A., & Schulenberg, J. (2015). The great sleep recession: Changes in sleep duration among US adolescents, 1991–2012. Pediatrics, 135(3), 460–468. doi:10.1542/peds.2014-2707
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. (2002). The PHQ-15: Validity of a new measure for evaluating the severity of somatic symptoms. Psychosomatic Medicine, 64(2), 258–266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larson, N., Laska, M. N., Story, M., & Neumark-Sztainer, D. (2015). Sports and energy drink consumption are linked to health-risk behaviours among young adults. Public Health Nutrition, 18(15), 2794–2803. doi:10.1017/S1368980015000191
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ludden, A. B., & Wolfson, A. R. (2010). Understanding adolescent caffeine use: Connecting use patterns with expectancies, reasons, and sleep. Health Education & Behavior, 37(3), 330–342. doi:10.1177/1090198109341783
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, K. E. (2008a). Energy drinks, race, and problem behaviors among college students. Journal of Adolescent Health, 43(5), 490–497. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2008.03.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, K. E. (2008b). Wired: Energy drinks, jock identity, masculine norms, and risk taking. Journal of American College Health, 56(5), 481–489. doi:10.3200/JACH.56.5.481-490
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Sleep Foundation. (2000). Adolescent sleep needs and patterns. Retrieved from: https://sleepfoundation.org/sleep-news/adolescent-sleep-needs-and-patterns
   Google Scholar
• Oberstar, J. V., Bernstein, G. A., & Thuras, P. D. (2002). Caffeine use and dependence in adolescents: One-year follow-up. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 12(2), 127–135. doi:10.1089/104454602760219162
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Packaged Facts. (2013). Energy drinks and shots: U.S. market trends. Retrieved from: http://www.packagedfacts.com/Energy-Drinks-Shots-7124908/
   Google Scholar
• Pasch, K. E., Laska, M. N., Lytle, L. A., & Moe, S. G. (2010). Adolescent sleep, risk behaviors, and depressive symptoms: Are they linked? American Journal of Health Behavior, 34(2), 237–248.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roane, B. M., & Taylor, D. J. (2008). Adolescent insomnia as a risk factor for early adult depression and substance abuse. Sleep, 31(10), 1351–1356.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roehrs, T., & Roth, T. (2008). Caffeine: Sleep and daytime sleepiness. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 12(2), 153–162. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2007.07.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seifert, S. M., Schaechter, J. L., Hershorin, E. R., & Lipshultz, S. E. (2011). Health effects of energy drinks on children, adolescents, and young adults. Pediatrics, 127(3), 511–528. doi:10.1542/peds.2009-3592
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2013). Update on emergency department visits involving energy drinks: A continuing public health concern. Retrieved from http://www.samhsa.gov/data/2k13/DAWN126/sr126-energy-drinks-use.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Swendsen, J. D., & Merikangas, K. R. (2000). The comorbidity of depression and substance use disorders. Clinical Psychology Review, 20(2), 173–189. doi: 10.1016/S0272-7358(99)00026-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Temple, J. L. (2009). Caffeine use in children: What we know, what we have left to learn, and why we should worry. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 33(6), 793–806. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.01.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terry-McElrath, Y. M., O’Malley, P. M., & Johnston, L. D. (2014). Energy drinks, soft drinks, and substance use among United States secondary school students. Journal of Addiction Medicine, 8(1), 6–13. doi:10.1097/01.Adm.0000435322.07020.53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toblin, R. L., Clarke-Walper, K., Kok, B. C., Sipos, M. L., & Thomas, J. L. (2012). Energy drink consumption and its association with sleep problems among U.S. service members on a combat deployment: Afghanistan, 2010. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 61(44), 895–898.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Troxel, W. M., Lee, L., Hall, M., & Matthews, K. A. (2014). Single-parent family structure and sleep problems in black and white adolescents. Sleep Medicine, 15(2), 255–261. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2013.10.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witkiewitz, K., & Marlatt, G. A. (2004). Relapse prevention for alcohol and drug problems: That was Zen, this is Tao. American Psychologist, 59(4), 224–235. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.59.4.224
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolfson, A. R., Carskadon, M. A., Acebo, C., Seifer, R., Fallone, G., Labyak, S. E., & Martin, J. L. (2003). Evidence for the validity of a sleep habits survey for adolescents. Sleep, 26(2), 213–216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong, M. M., Brower, K. J., Fitzgerald, H. E., & Zucker, R. A. (2004). Sleep problems in early childhood and early onset of alcohol and other drug use in adolescence. Alcoholism—Clinical and Experimental Research, 28(4), 578–587. doi:10.1097/01.Alc.0000121651.75952.39
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong, M. M., Robertson, G. C., & Dyson, R. B. (2015). Prospective relationship between poor sleep and substance-related problems in a national sample of adolescents. Alcoholism—Clinical and Experimental Research, 39(2), 355–362. doi:10.1111/acer.12618
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woods, D. J. (2012). Guarana: Paullinia cupana, P. sorbilis; also known as Brazilian cocoa and “zoom.” Journal of Primary Health Care, 4(2), 163–164.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar