Measurement of the Severity of Opportunistic Fraud in Injury Insurance: Evidence from China

References

• Ai, J., P. L. Brockett, and L. L. Golden. 2009. Assessing consumer fraud risk in insurance claims: An unsupervised learning technique using discrete and continuous predictor variables. North American Actuarial Journal 13 (4):438–58. doi:10.1080/10920277.2009.10597568.
   Google Scholar
• Ai, J., P. L. Brockett, L. L. Golden, and M. Guillén. 2013. A robust unsupervised method for fraud rate estimation. Journal of Risk and Insurance 80 (1):121–43. doi:10.1111/jori.2013.80.issue-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arrow, K. J. 1963. Uncertainty and the welfare economics of medical care. American Economic Review 53 (5):941–73.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Artís, M., M. Ayuso, and M. Guillén. 2002. Detection of automobile insurance fraud with discrete choice models and misclassified claims. Journal of Risk and Insurance 69 (3):325–40. doi:10.1111/1539-6975.00022.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asmat, D. P., and S. Tennyson. 2014. Does the threat of insurer liability for “bad faith” affect insurance settlements? Journal of Risk and Insurance 81 (1):1–26. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6975.2012.01499.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Autor, D. H., and M. G. Duggan. 2003. The rise in the disability rolls and the decline in unemployment. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 118 (1):157–206. doi:10.1162/00335530360535171.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Autor, D. H., and M. G. Duggan. 2006. The pure income effect of disability cash transfers: Evidence from the veteran administrations disability compensation program. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
   Google Scholar
• Bair, S. T., R. J. Huang, and K. C. Wang. 2012. Can vehicle maintenance records predict automobile accidents? Journal of Risk and Insurance 79 (2):567–84. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6975.2011.01433.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brockett, P. L., R. A. Derrig, L. L. Golden, A. Levine, and M. Alpert. 2002. Fraud classification using principal component analysis of RIDITs. Journal of Risk and Insurance 69 (3):341–71. doi:10.1111/1539-6975.00027.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caudill, S. B., M. Ayuso, and M. Guillén. 2005. Fraud detection using a multinomial Logit model with missing information. Journal of Risk and Insurance 72 (4):539–50. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6975.2005.00137.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crocker, K. J., and S. Tennyson. 2002. Insurance fraud and optimal claims settlement strategies. Journal of Law and Economics 45 (2):469–507. doi:10.1086/340394.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummins, J. D., and S. Tennyson. 1992. Controlling automobile insurance costs. Journal of Economic Perspectives 6 (2):95–115. doi:10.1257/jep.6.2.95.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummins, J. D., and S. Tennyson. 1996. Moral hazard in insurance claiming: Evidence from automobile insurance. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 12 (1):29–50. doi:10.1007/BF00353329.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derrig, R., and H. Weisberg. 2003. Auto bodily injury claim settlement in Massachusetts. Document. Automobile Insurers Bureau of Massachusetts.
   Google Scholar
• Derrig, R. A., and K. M. Ostaszewski. 1995. Fuzzy techniques of pattern recognition in risk and claim classification. Journal of Risk and Insurance 62 (3):447–82. doi:10.2307/253819.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derrig, R. A., H. I. Weisberg, and X. Chen. 1994. Behavioral factors and lotteries under no-fault with a monetary threshold: A study of Massachusetts automobile claims. Journal of Risk and Insurance 61 (2):245–75. doi:10.2307/253710.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doerpinghaus, H., J. Schmit, and J. J.-H. Yeh. 2003. Personal bias in automobile claims settlement. Journal of Risk and Insurance 70 (2):185–205. doi:10.1111/1539-6975.00055.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doerpinghaus, H. I., J. T. Schmit, and J. J.-H. Yeh. 2008. Age and gender effects on auto liability insurance payouts. Journal of Risk and Insurance 75 (3):527–50. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6975.2008.00273.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuchs, V. R. 1980. Time preference and health: NBER Working paper No. 539. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
   Google Scholar
• Gallos, J. V. 1993. Women’s experiences and ways of knowing: Implications for teaching and learning in the organizational behavior classroom. Journal of Management Education 17 (1):7–26. doi:10.1177/105256299301700101.
   Google Scholar
• Ghasemi, A., and S. Zahediasl. 2012. Normality tests for statistical analysis: A guide for non-statisticians. International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism 10 (2):486–89. doi:10.5812/ijem.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Graddy, K., and L. Pistaferri. 2000. Wage differences by gender: Evidence from recently graduated MBAs. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 62 (s1):837–54. doi:10.1111/obes.2000.62.issue-s1.
   Google Scholar
• Halek, M., and J. G. Eisenhauer. 2001. Demography of risk aversion. Journal of Risk and Insurance 68 (1):1–24. doi:10.2307/2678130.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Insurance Research Council (IRC). 2008. http://www.ircweb.org/News/IRC_Fraud_NR.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Jianakoplos, N. A., and A. Bernasek. 1998. Are women more risk averse? Economic Inquiry 36 (4):620–30. doi:10.1111/ecin.1998.36.issue-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler, D. 1995. Fault, settlement, and negligence law. The RAND Journal of Economics 26 (2):296–313. doi:10.2307/2555918.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin, I. P., M. A. Snyder, and D. P. Chapman. 1988. The interaction of experiential and situational factors and gender in a simulated risky decision-making task. The Journal of Psychology 122 (2):173–81. doi:10.1080/00223980.1988.9712703.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loughran, D. S. 2005. Deterring fraud: The role of general damage awards in automobile insurance settlements. Journal of Risk and Insurance 72 (4 (December)):551–75. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6975.2005.00138.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer, B. D., W. K. Viscusi, and D. L. Durbin. 1995. Workers’ compensation and injury duration: Evidence from a natural experiment. American Economic Review 85 (3 (June)):322–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Posner, R. A. 1995. Aging and old age. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Powell, M., and D. Ansic. 1997. Gender differences in risk behavior in financial decision-making: An experimental analysis. Journal of Economic Psychology 18 (6):605–28. doi:10.1016/S0167-4870(97)00026-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schubert, R., M. Brown, M. Gysler, and H. W. Brachinger. 1999. Financial decision-making: Are women really more risk-averse? American Economic Review 89 (2):381–85. doi:10.1257/aer.89.2.381.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stuhlmacher, A. F., and A. E. Walters. 1999. Gender differences in negotiation outcome: A meta-analysis. Personnel Psychology 52 (3):653–77. doi:10.1111/peps.1999.52.issue-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sunden, A. E., and B. J. Surette. 1998. Gender differences in the allocation of assets in retirement savings plans. American Economic Review 88 (2 (May)):207–11.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tennyson, S., and P. Salsas-Forn. 2002. Claims auditing in automobile insurance: Fraud detection and deterrence objectives. Journal of Risk & Insurance 69 (3):289–308. doi:10.1111/1539-6975.00024.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tennyson, S., and W. J. Warfel. 2008. The emergence and potential consequences of first party insurance bad faith liability. Journal of Insurance Regulation 28 (2):3–20.
   Google Scholar
• Tennyson, S., and W. J. Warfel. 2010. The law and economics of first-party insurance bad faith liability. Connecticut Insurance Law Journal 16 (1):203–42.
   Google Scholar
• Viaene, S., and G. Dedene. 2004. Insurance fraud: Issues and challenges. Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance-Issues and Practice 29 (2):313–33. doi:10.1111/gene.2004.29.issue-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viaene, S., R. A. Derrig, B. Baesens, and G. Dedene. 2002. A comparison of state-of-the-art classification techniques for expert automobile insurance claim fraud detection. Journal of Risk & Insurance 69 (3):373–421. doi:10.1111/1539-6975.00023.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viscusi, W. K. 1988. Pain and suffering in product liability cases: Systematic compensation or capricious awards? International Review of Law and Economics 8 (2):203–20. doi:10.1016/0144-8188(88)90006-3.
   Google Scholar