References
- Arellano, M., and O. Bover. 1995. Another look at the instrumental variable estimation of error-components models. Journal of Econometrics 68 (1): 29–51. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(94)01642-D.
- Bartram, S. 2018. In good times and in bad: Defined-benefit pensions and corporate financial policy. Journal of Corporate Finance 48:331–51. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2017.10.015.
- Bassanini, A., A. L. Booth, G. Brunello, M. De Paola, and E. Leuven. 2005. Workplace training in Europe, IZA Discussion Paper, No.1640.
- Becker, G. S. 1993. Human capital: A theoretical and empirical analysis with special reference to education. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Bergstresser, D., J. D. Rauh, and M. A. Desai. 2005. Earnings manipulation, pension assumptions and managerial investment decisions. Quarterly Journal of Economics 121 (1):157–95. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/qje.121.1.157.
- Bloemen, H., S. Hochguertel, and M. Lammers. 2017, Pension rules and labor market mobility. IZA Working Paper, No10840.
- Blundell, R., and S. Bond. 1998. Initial conditions and moment restrictions in dynamic panel data models. Journal of Econometrics 87 (1): 115–43. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4076(98)00009-8.
- Cheng, Q., and S. Laura. 2018. Executive compensation and cash contributions to defined benefit pension plans. Journal of Business Finance & Accounting 45 (9–10): 1224–59. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/jbfa.12339.
- Duygun, M., B. Huang, X. Qian, and L. Tam. 2018. Corporate pension plans and investment choices: Bargaining or conforming? Journal of Corporate Finance 50:519–37. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2017.10.005.
- Fan, G., X. Wang, and H. Zhu, 2011. NERI Index of Marketzation of China Provinces 2011 Report. Beijing: Economic Science Press.
- Freeman, R. B. 1981. The effect of unionism on fringe benefits. Industrial and Labor Relations Review 34 (4):489–509.
- Freeman, R. B., and J. L. Medoff. 1984. What Do Unions Do? New York: Basic Books.
- Ghilarducci, T., and M. Reich. 1998. Training and pensions: Substitutes or complements? Institute for Research on Labor & Employment Working Paper.
- Johnson, R. W. 1996. The impact of human capital investments on pension benefits. Journal of Labor Economics 14 (3):520–54. doi:https://doi.org/10.1086/209821.
- Lau, M. I., and P. Poutvaara. 2006. Social security incentives and human capital investment. Finnish Economic Papers 19:16–24.
- Mandiberg, J. M., and R. Warner. 2012. Business development and marketing within communities of social service clients. Journal of Business Research 65 (12):1736–42. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2012.02.015.
- Marshall, A. 1960. Principles of Economics. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Montizaan, R., F. Corvers, and A. De Grip. 2009. The effects of pension rights and retirement age on training participation: Evidence from a natural experiment. Labour Economics 17 (1):240–47.
- Ostaszewski, K. 2013. The effect of Pillar 1 on efficient investment portfolio choice in the case of the United States. Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance: Issues and Practice 38:675–700. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/24736719.
- Ouimet, P., and R. Zarutskie. 2014. Who works for startups? The relation between firm age, employee age, and growth. Journal of Financial Economics 112 (3):386–407. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2014.03.003.
- Petersen, M. A. 1992. Pension reversions and worker–stockholder wealth transfers. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 107 (3):1033–56. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/2118373.
- Peterson, M. A. 1994. Cash flow variability and firm’s pension choice: A role for operating leverage. Journal of Financial Economics 36 (3):361–83. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-405X(94)90010-8.
- Rauh, J. D. 2006. Investment and financing constraints: Evidence from the funding of corporate pension plans. Journal of Finance 61 (1):33–71. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.2006.00829.x.
- Samargandi, N. 2018. Determinants of labor productivity in MENA countries. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade 54 (5):1063–81. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/1540496X.2017.1418658.
- Samwick, A., and J. Skinner. 2004. How will 401(k) pension plans affect retirement income? American Economic Review 94 (1):329–43. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/3592782.
- Stefanescu, I., Y. Wang, K. Xie, and J. Yang. 2018. Pay me now (and later): Pension benefit manipulation before plan freezes and executive retirement. Journal of Financial Economics 127 (1):152–73. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2017.10.006.
- Sun, Q., and L. Suo. 2007. Pension changes in China and opportunities for insurance. Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance: Issues and Practice 32:516–31. doi:https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.gpp.2510150.
- Sundaram, R. K., and D. L. Yermack. 2007. Pay me later: Inside debt and its role in managerial compensation. Journal of Finance 62 (4):1551–88. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/4622311.
- Thomas, J. K. 1988. Corporate taxes and defined benefit pension plans. Journal of Accounting and Economics 10 (3):199–237. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-4101(88)90003-1.
- Vafeas, N., and A. Vlittis. 2018. Independent directors and defined benefit pension plan freezes. Journal of Corporate Finance 50:505–18. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2017.10.003.
- Yu, X., Y. Cheng, and Q. Hu. 2017. The productivity effects of corporate pension. China Industrial Economics 1:155–73.
- Zhang, Y., X. Dai, and Y. Shao. 2019. Does matching with foreign-invested enterprises improve the productivity of Chinese enterprises? Emerging Markets Finance and Trade 55 (15):1–13. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/1540496X.2019.1603541.
- Zheng, B. 2010. The policy analysis for the lagging behind of enterprise annuity in China. Chinese Journal of Population Science 4 (2):2–23.
- Zhu, H., and A. Walker. 2018. Pension system reform in China: Who gets what pensions? Social Policy & Administration 7:1410–24. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/spol.12368.