COPD—The Primary Care Perspective: Addressing Epidemiology, Pathology, Diagnosis, Treatment of Smoking's Multiple Morbidities and the Patient's Perspective

REFERENCES

• World Health Organization. The GOLD global strategy for the management and prevention of COPD. 2001, www.gold-copd.com 2001
   Google Scholar
• Wilt T J, Niewoehner D, Kim C, Kane R L, Linabery A, Tacklind J, MacDonald R, Rutks I. Use of Spirometry for Case Finding, Diagnosis, and Management of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD August, 2005, http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/epcsums/spirosum.htm Summary, Evidence Report/Technology Assessment: Number 121. AHRQ Publication Number 05-E017-1
   Google Scholar
• Mannino D, Holguin F. Epidemiology and global impact of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Resp Med: COPD Update 2006; 1: 114–120
   Google Scholar
• National Heart Lung and Blood Institute. Morbidity and Mortality Chartbook. 2004, Available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/resources/docs/cht-book.htm
   Google Scholar
• Ward M M, Javitz H S, Smith W M, Bakst A. Direct medical cost of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the USA. Respir Med 2000; 94: 1123–1129
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: NHLBI/WHO Workshop Report. National Institutes of Health National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD April, 2001, NIH Publication 2701
   Google Scholar
• Strassels S A, Smith D H, Sullivan S D, Mahajan P S. The costs of treating COPD in the United States. Chest 2001; 119: 344–352
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mannino D M. COPD: epidemiology, prevalence, morbidity and mortality, and disease heterogeneity. Chest 2002; 121: 121S–126S
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yawn B P. A US national agenda for COPD in primary care. Airways J 2004; 2(3)168–169
   Google Scholar
• Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. 2004, Executive Summary
   Google Scholar
• Fletcher C, Peto R. The natural history of chronic airflow obstruction. BMJ 1977; 1(6077)1645–1648
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Celli B R, MacNee W. Standards for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with COPD: a summary of the ATS/ERS position paper. Eur Respir J 2004; 23: 932–946
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pauwels R A, Buist A S, Ma P, Jenkins C R, Hurd SS, GOLD Scientific Committee. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and World Health Organization Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD): executive summary. Respir Care 2001; 46(8)798–825
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• www.cdc.gov/niosh/userguid.html
   Google Scholar
• Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global Strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 2003, http://www.goldcopd.com/(NIH publication no. 2701) Accessed June 2005
   Google Scholar
• Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, http://www.goldcopd.com/GuidelinesResources.asp?11=2&12=0 Updated 2005. Available at Accessed December 9, 2005
   Google Scholar
• Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Spirometry for diagnosis of COPD, http//www.goldcopd.com/GuidelinesResources.asp?11=2&12=0 Updated 2005. Available at Accessed December 9, 2005
   Google Scholar
• American Lung Association. Search Lung USA. Search Lung USA, Available at http://www.lungusa.org/site/apps/s/content.asp?c=dvLUK9O0E&b=34706&ct=67295
   Google Scholar
• von Hertzen L, Reunanen A, Impivaara O, Malkia E, Aromaa A. Airway obstruction in relation to symptoms in chronic respiratory disease-a nationally representative population study. Respir Med 2000; 94(4)356–363
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• http://www.cdc.gov/nchs
   Google Scholar
• Leigh R, Pizzichini M M, Morris M M, Maltais F, Hargreave F E, Pizzichini E. Stable COPD: predicting benefit from high-dose inhaled corticosteroid treatment. Eur Respir J 2006; 27(5)964–971
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanescu D, Sanna A, Veriter C, Kostianev S, Calcagni P G, Fabbri L M, Maestrelli P. Airways obstruction, chronic expectoration, and repaid decline of FEV1 in smokers are associated with increased levels of sputum neutrophils. Thorax 1996; 51(3)267–271
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitaguchi Y, Fujimoto K, Kubo K, Honda T. Characteristics of COPD phenotypes classified according to the findings of HRCT. Respir Med 2006; 100(10)1742–1752
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stopping smoking: The benefits and aids to quitting. Action on Smoking and Health. November, 2005, Available at http://www.ash.org.uk/ Action on Smoking and Health Factsheet No. 11
   Google Scholar
• Churg A, Zay K, Shay S, Xie C, Shapiro S D, Hendricks R, Wright J L. Acute cigarette smoke-induced connective tissue breakdown requires both neutrophils and macrophage metalloelastase in mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2002; 27: 368–374
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Croxton T L, Weinmann G G, Senior R M, Hoidal J R. Further research directions in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 165: 838–844
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Executive Summary, Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of COPD. 2005, Update. Available at http://www.goldcopd.com/Guidelineitem.asp?11equals;2&12equals;1&intId=1389
   Google Scholar
• Price D, Freeman D, Kaplan A, Ostrem A, Reid J, van der Molen T. Progressive breathlessness in COPD—the role of hyperinflation and its pharmacological management. Prim Care Respir J 2005; 14: 285–293
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Petty T L. Definitions, causes, course, and prognosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Care Clin N Am 1998; 4: 345–358
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• van den Boom G, Rutten-van Molken M P, Tirimanna P R, van Schayck C P, Folgering H, Van Weel C. Association between health-related quality of life and consultation for respiratory symptoms: results from the DIMCA programme. Eur Respir J 1998; 11: 67–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• den Otter J J, van Weel C. How to avoid under-diagnosed asthma/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?. J Asthma 1998; 35: 381–387
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurd S. The impact of COPD on lung health worldwide: epidemiology and incidence. Chest 2000; 117: 1S–4S, (2 suppl)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferguson G T, Enright P L, Buist A S, Higgins M W. Office spirometry for lung health assessment in adults: a consensus statement from the National Lung Health Education Program. Chest 2000; 117: 1146–1161
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Weel C. Underdiagnosis of asthma and COPD: is the general practitioner to blame?. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis 2002; 57: 65–68
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• van Schayck C P, Loozen J M, Wagena E, Akkermans R P, Wessling G J. Detecting patients at a high risk of developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in general practice: cross sectional case finding study. BMJ 2002; 324: 1370
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calverley P MC, Nordyke R J, Halbert R J, Isonaka S, Nonikov D. Development of a population-based screening questionnaire for COPD. J COPD 2005; 2: 225–232
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Müllerová H, Wedzicha J, Soriano J V, Vestbo J. Validation of a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease screening questionnaire for population surveys. Respir Med 2004; 98: 78–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Schayck C P, Halbert R J, Nordyke R J, Isonaka S, Maroni J, Nonikov D. Comparison of existing symptoms-based questionnaires for identifying COPD in the general practice setting. Respirology 2005; 10: 323–333
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kida K, Wakabayashi R, Mizuuchi T, Katsura H, Yamada K, Motegi T, Nishimura N, Omata M, Goto R, Mizuno S. Pre-screening test for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) using an 11-item questionnaire for elderly subjects (abstract P1663). 12th Annual Congress of the European Respiratory Society, Stockholm, September, 14–182002
   Google Scholar
• Freeman D, Nordyke R J, Isonaka S, Nonikov D V, Maroni J M, Price D, Halbert R J. Questions for COPD diagnostic screening in a primary care setting. Respir Med 2005; 99: 1311–1318
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price D B, Tinkelman D G, Halbert R J, Nordyke R J, Isonaka S, Nonikov D, Juniper E F, Freeman D, Hausen T, Levy M L, Ostrem A, van der Molen T, van Schayck C P. Symptom-based questionnaire for identifying COPD in smokers. Respiration 2006; 73: 285–295
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Thoracic Society. European Respiratory Society. Standards for the diagnosis and care of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 2004, Available at http://www-test.thoracic.org/copd/ Accessed December 9, 2005
   Google Scholar
• International Primary Care Airways Group (IPAG). Chronic Airways Diseases. A Guide for Primary Care Physicians. January, 2005
   Google Scholar
• Ferguson G T, Calverley P MA, Anderson J A, Celli B, Jenkins C, Jones P WJ. The TORCH (Towards a Revolution in COPD Health) study: salmeterol/fluticasone propionate (SFC) improves survival in COPD over three years. ERJ 2006; 28: 34s–35s, (suppl 50)
   Google Scholar
• Hardie J A, Buist A S, Vollmer W M, Ellingsen I, Bakke P S, Morkve O. Risk of over-diagnosis of COPD in asymptomatic elderly never-smokers. Eur Respir J 2002; 20: 1117–1122
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yawn B P, Enright P L, Lemanske R F, Israel E, Pace W, Wollan P, Boushey H. Spirometry may modify family physicians' management of asthma and COPD. Chest, Submitted 2006
   Google Scholar
• Eaton T, Withy S, Garrett J E, Mercer J, Whitlock R M, Rea H H. Spirometry in Primary Care Practice: the importance of quality assurance and the impact of spirometry workshops. Chest 1999; 116(2)416–423
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• den Otter J J, de Bryuyn-Schmidt M A, Wolters M J, van Schayck C P, Folgering H TM, van den Hoogen H JM, van Weel C. Lung function measurement in general practice: general practice measurements compared with laboratory measurements during the DIMCA trial. Fam Pract 2000; 17: 314–316
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schermer T R, Jacobs J E, Chavannes N H, Hartman J, Folgering H T, Bottema B J, van Weel C. Validity of spirometric testing in a general practice population of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 2003; 58: 861–866
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones K P. The role of measuring FEV1 in determining therapeutic changes made in an asthma clinic in general practice. Respir Med 1995; 89(3)171–177
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Troisi R J, Speizer F E, Willett W C, Trichopoulos D, Rosner B. Menopause, postmenopausal estrogen preparations, and the risk of adult-onset asthma. A prospective cohort study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 152: 1183–1188, (4 Pt 1)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asthma in women after menopause. Hormone replacement therapy may explain why many women over 50 develop this disease. Health News 2005; 11(4)4–5, Unauthored
   Google Scholar
• Sutherland E R. Outpatient treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: comparisons with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004; 114(4)715–724, quiz 725
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pauwels R A, Lofdahl C G, Laitinen L A, Schouten J P, Postma D S, Pride N B, Ohlsson SV, for the European Respiratory Society Study on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Long-term treatment with inhaled budesonide in persons with mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who continue smoking. European Respiratory Society Study on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. N Engl J Med 1999; 340(25)1948–1953
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Noord J A, Bantje T A, Eland M E, Korducki L, Cornelissen P JG. A randomized controlled comparison of tiotropium and ipratropium in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The Dutch Tiotropium Study Group. Thorax 2000; 55(4)289–294
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yawn B P. Exploring factors accounting for asthma variability: achieving optimal symptom control for individual patients. Prim Care Respir J 2006, in press
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. National Asthma Education and Prevention Expert Panel report 2: guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 2002, Publ. No. 97-4051. Available at www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/asthma/asthgdln.htm
   Google Scholar
• Fabbri L M, Hurd S S. Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD: 2003 update. Eur Respir 2003; 22: 1–2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnes P J. Mechanisms of COPD: differences from asthma. Chest 2000; 117: 10S–14S, (2 suppl)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. National Asthma Education and Prevention Expert Panel report 2: guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 1997, Publ. No. 97-4051. Available at www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/asthma/asthgdln.htm
   Google Scholar
• Yohannes A M. Depression and COPD in older people: a review and discussion. Br J Community Nurs 2005; 10(1)42–46
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Breslin E, van der Schans C, Breukink S, Meek P, Mercer K, Volz W, Louie S. Perception of fatigue and quality of life in patients with COPD. Chest 1998; 114(4)958–964
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lacasse Y, Rousseau L, Maltais F. Prevalence of depressive symptoms and depression in patients with severe oxygen-dependent obstructive pulmonary disease. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 2001; 21(2)80–86
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Van Ede L, Yzermans C J, Brouwer H J. Prevalence of depression in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review. Thorax 1999; 54(8)688–692
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garuti G, Cilione C, Dell'orso D, Gorini P, Lorenzi M D, Totaro L, Cirelli G, Clini E. Impact of comprehensive pulmonary rehabilitation on anxiety and depression in hospitalized COPD patients. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis 2003; 59(1)56–61
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kunik M E, Braun U, Stanley M A. One session cognitive behavioral therapy for elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Psychol Med 2001; 31(4)717–723
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buist S. Press release. Using Standardized methods to estimate COPD prevalence worldwide; Early Data from Seven Countries. European Respiratory Society Congress, MunichGermany September, 2006
   Google Scholar
• The Tobacco Use and Dependence Clinical Practice Guideline Panel, Staff, and Consortium Representatives. A clinical practice guideline for treating tobacco use and dependence. A US public health service report. JAMA 2000; 283: 3244–3254
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell M A, Stapleton J A, Feyerabend C, Wiseman S M, Gustavsson G, Sawe U, Connor P. Targeting heavy smokers in general practice: randomized controlled trial of transdermal nicotine patches. BMJ 1993; 306(6888)1308–1312
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prochaska J O, DiClemente C C, Norcross J C. In search of how people change. Applications to addictive behaviors. Amer Psychol 1992; 47(9)1102–1114
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller W R, Rollnick S. Motivational Interviewing. Preparing People to Change Addictive Behavior. The Guildford Press, New York, London 1991
   Google Scholar
• Hughes J R, Gulliver S B, Fenwick J W, Valliere W A, Cruser K, Pepper S, Shea P, Solomon L J, Flynn B S. Smoking cessation among self-quitters. Health Psychol 1992; 11(5)331–334
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiore M C, Smith S S, Jorenby D E, Baker B. The effectiveness of the nicotine patch for smoking cessation. A meta-analysis. JAMA 1994; 271(24)1940–1947
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hays J T, Hurt R D, Rigotti N A, et al. Sustained-release Bupropion for pharmacologic relapse prevention after smoking cessation. Ann Int Med 2001; 135(6)423–433
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brusasco V, Hodder R, Miravitlles M, Korducki L, Towse L, Kesten S. Health outcomes following treatment for six months with once daily tiotropium competed with twice daily salmeterol in patients with COPD. Thorax 2003; 58(5)399–404
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D'Souza A O, Smith M J, Miller L A, Kavookjian J. An appraisal of pharmacoeconomic evidence of maintenance therapy for COPD. Chest 2006; 129(6)1693–1708
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee K H, Phua J, Lim T K. Evaluating the pharmacoeconomic effect of adding tiotropium bromide to the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients in Singapore. Respir Med 2006, [Epub ahead of print]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burge P S, Calverley P M, Jones P W, Spencer S, Anderson J A, Maslen T K. Randomized, double blind, placebo controlled study of fluticasone propionate in patients with moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the ISOLDE trial. BMJ 2000; 320(7245)1297–1303
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sin D D, Tu J V. Inhaled corticosteroids and the risk of mortality and readmission in elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 164(4)580–584
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calverley P M. Combined salmeterol and fluticasone for COPD. Lancet 2003; 361(9369)1652–1653
   Google Scholar
• Cazzola M, Noschese P, Salzillo A, De Giglio C, D'Amato G, Matera M G. Bronchodilator response to formoterol alter regular tiotropium or to tiotropium alter regular formoterol in COPD patients. Respir Med 2005; 99(5)524–528
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Thoracic Society. Pulmonary rehabilitation—1999. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 159(5)1666–1682
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein R S, Gort E H, Stubbing D, Avendano M A, Guyatt G H. Randomized controlled trial of respiratory rehabilitation. Lancet 1994; 344(8934)1394–1397
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lacasse Y, Wong E, Guyatt G H, King D, Cook D J, Goldstein R S. Meta-analysis of respiratory rehabilitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Lancet 1996; 348(9035)1115–1119
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Troosters T, Gosselink R, Decramer M. Short-and long-term effects of outpatient rehabilitation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized trial. Am J Med 2000; 109(3)207–212
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar