Defining Disease Modification in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

REFERENCES

• Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Guidelines: Global strategy for the diagnosis, management and prevention of COPD, http://www.goldcopd.org Updated November 2006 (accessed September 2007)
   Google Scholar
• Cazzola M, MacNee W, Martinez F J, Rabe K F, Franciosi L G, Barnes P J, Brusasco V, Burge P S, Calverley P M, Celli B R, Jones P W, Mahler D A, Make B, Miravitlles M, Page C P, Palange P, Parr D, Pistolesi M, Rennard S I, Rutten-van Mölken M P, Stockley R, Sullivan S D, Wedzicha J A, Wouters E F, American Thoracic Society. European Respiratory Society Task Force on outcomes of COPD. Outcomes for COPD pharmacological trials: from lung function to biomarkers. Eur Respir J 2008; 31: 416–469
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hogg J C, Macklem P T, Thurlbeck W M. Site and nature of airway obstruction in chronic obstructive lung disease. N Engl J Med 1968; 278: 1355–1360
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hogg J C, Chu F, Utokaparch S, Woods R, Elliott W M, Buzatu L, Cherniack R M, Rogers R M, Sciurba F C, Coxson H O, Paré P D. The nature of small-airway obstruction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 2645–2653
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hauber H P, Gotfried M, Newman K, Danda R, Servi R J, Christodoulopoulos P, Hamid Q. Effect of HFA-flunisolide on peripheral lung inflammation in asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003; 112: 58–63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnes P J, Chowdhury B, Kharitonov S A, Magnussen H, Page C P, Postma D, Saetta M. Pulmonary biomarkers in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 174: 6–14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kharitonov S A, Barnes P J. Exhaled biomarkers. Chest 2006; 130: 1541–1546
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brindicci C, Ito K, Resta O, Pride N B, Barnes P J, Kharitonov S A. Exhaled nitric oxide from lung periphery is increased in COPD. Eur Respir J 2005; 26: 52–59
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montuschi P, Kharitonov S A, Barnes P J. Exhaled carbon monoxide and nitric oxide in COPD. Chest 2001; 120: 496–501
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paredi P, Kharitonov S A, Leak D, Ward S, Cramer D, Barnes P J. Exhaled ethane, a marker of lipid peroxidation, is elevated in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 162: 369–373, (2 Pt 1)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franciosi L G, Page C P, Celli B R, Cazzola M, Walker M J, Danhof M, Rabe K F, Della Pasqua O E. Markers of disease severity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2006; 19: 189–199
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cosio M G, Hale K A, Niewoehner D E. Morphologic and morphometric effects of prolonged cigarette smoking on the small airways. Am Rev Respir Dis 1980; 122: 265–271
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fletcher C, Peto R. The natural history of chronic airflow obstruction. BMJ 1977; 1: 1645–1648
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutherland E R, Cherniack R M. Management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 2689–2697
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anthonisen N R, Connett J E, Kiley J P, Altose M D, Bailey W C, Buist A S, Conway W A, Jr, Enright P L, Kanner R E, O'Hara P, et al. Effects of smoking intervention and the use of an inhaled anticholinergic bronchodilator on the rate of decline of FEV1. The Lung Health Study. JAMA 1994; 272: 1497–1505
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scanlon P D, Connett J E, Waller L A, Altose M D, Bailey W C, Buist A S. Smoking cessation and lung function in mild-to-moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The Lung Health Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 161: 381–390, (2 Pt 1)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burge P S, Calverley P M, Jones P W, Spencer S, Anderson J A, Maslin T K. Randomised, double blind, placebo controlled study of fluticasone propionate in patients with moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the ISOLDE trial. BMJ 2000; 320: 1297–1303
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pauwels R A, Löfdahl C G, Laitinen L A, Schouten J P, Postma D S, Pride N B, Ohlsson S V. Long-term treatment with inhaled budesonide in persons with mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who continue smoking. European Respiratory Society Study on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. N Engl J Med 1999; 340: 1948–1953
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vestbo J, Sorensen T, Lange P, Brix A, Torre P, Viskum K. Long-term effect of inhaled budesonide in mild and moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 1999; 353: 1819–1823
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Highland K B, Strange C, Heffner J E. Long-term effects of inhaled corticosteroids on FEV1 in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 2003; 138: 969–973
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soriano J B, Sin D D, Zhang X, Camp P G, Anderson J A, Anthonisen N R, Buist A S, Burge P S, Calverley P M, Connett J E, Petersson S, Postma D S, Szafranski W, Vestbo J. A pooled analysis of FEV1 decline in COPD patients randomized to inhaled corticosteroids or placebo. Chest 2007; 131: 682–689
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutherland E R, Allmers H, Ayas N T, Venn A J, Martin R J. Inhaled corticosteroids reduce the progression of airflow limitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a meta-analysis. Thorax 2003; 58: 937–941
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Decramer M, Rutten-van Mölken M, Dekhuijzen P N, Troosters T, van Herwaarden C, Pellegrino R, van Schayck C P, Olivieri D, Del Donno M, De Backer W, Lankhorst I, Ardia A. Effects of N-acetylcysteine on outcomes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (Bronchitis Randomized on NAC Cost-Utility Study, BRONCUS): a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2005; 365: 1552–1560
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calverley P M, Anderson J A, Celli B, Ferguson G T, Jenkins C, Jones P W, Yates J C, Vestbo J, TORCH investigators. Salmeterol and fluticasone propionate and survival in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med 2007; 356: 775–789
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Celli B R, Thomas N E, Anderson J A, Ferguson G T, Jenkins C R, Jones P W, Vestbo J, Knobil K, Yates J C, Calverley P M. Effect of pharmacotherapy on rate of decline of lung function in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: results from the TORCH study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008; 178: 332–338
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anzueto A, Tashkin D, Menjoge S, Kesten S. One-year analysis of longitudinal changes in spirometry in patients with COPD receiving tiotropium. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2005; 18: 75–81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tashkin D P, Celli B, Senn S, Burkhart D, Kesten S, Menjoge S, Decramer M, UPLIFT Study Investigators. A 4-year trial of tiotropium in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med 2008; 359: 1543–1554
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Donnell D E, Sanii R, Giesbrecht G, Younes M. Effect of continuous positive airway pressure on respiratory sensation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease during submaximal exercise. Am Rev Respir Dis 1988; 138: 1185–1191
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ries A L, Kaplan R M, Limberg T M, Prewitt L M. Effects of pulmonary rehabilitation on physiologic and psychosocial outcomes in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann Intern Med 1995; 122: 823–832
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casaburi R, Mahler D A, Jones P W, Wanner A, San P G, ZuWallack R L, Menjoge S S, Serby C W, Witek T, Jr. A long-term evaluation of once-daily inhaled tiotropium in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J 2002; 19: 217–224
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahler D A, Wire P, Horstman D, Chang C N, Yates J, Fischer T, Shah T. Effectiveness of fluticasone propionate and salmeterol combination delivered via the Diskus device in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 166: 1084–1091
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanania N A, Darken P, Horstman D, Reisner C, Lee B, Davis S, Shah T. The efficacy and safety of fluticasone propionate (250 μ g)/salmeterol (50 μ g) combined in the Diskus inhaler for the treatment of COPD. Chest 2003; 124: 834–843
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calverley P M, Boonsawat W, Cseke Z, Zhong N, Peterson S, Olsson H. Maintenance therapy with budesonide and formoterol in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J 2003; 22: 912–919
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calverley P, Pauwels R, Vestbo J, Jones P, Pride N, Gulsvik A, Anderson J, Maden C. TRial of Inhaled STeroids ANd long-acting beta; 2-agonists Study Group. Combined salmeterol and fluticasone in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2003; 361: 449–456
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szafranski W, Cukier A, Ramirez A, Menga G, Sansores R, Nahabedian S, Peterson S, Olsson H. Efficacy and safety of budesonide/formoterol in the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J 2003; 21: 74–81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper C B. Exercise in chronic pulmonary disease: limitations and rehabilitation. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001; 33(7 Suppl)S643–S646
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper C B. The connection between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease symptoms and hyperinflation and its impact on exercise and function. Am J Med 2006; 119(10A Suppl)S21–S31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter R, Nicotra B, Blevins W, Holiday D. Altered exercise gas exchange and cardiac function in patients with mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chest 1993; 103: 745–750
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babb T G, Viggiano R, Hurley B, Staats B, Rodarte J R. Effect of mild-to-moderate airflow limitation on exercise capacity. J Appl Physiol 1991; 70: 223–230
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knox A J, Morrison J F, Muers M F. Reproducibility of walking test results in chronic obstructive airways disease. Thorax 1988; 43(5)388–393
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Donnell D E, Lam M, Webb K A. Measurement of symptoms, lung hyperinflation, and endurance during exercise in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 158: 1557–1565, (5 Pt 1)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahler D A. Pulmonary rehabilitation. Chest 1998; 113(4 Suppl)263S–268S
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maltais F, Hamilton A, Marciniuk D, Hernandez P, Sciurba F C, Richter K, Kesten S, O'Donnell D. Improvements in symptom-limited exercise performance over 8 h with once-daily tiotropium in patients with COPD. Chest 2005; 128: 1168–1178
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Donnell D E, Fluge T, Gerken F, Hamilton A, Webb K, Aguilaniu B, Make B, Magnussen H. Effects of tiotropium on lung hyperinflation, dyspnoea and exercise tolerance in COPD. Eur Respir J 2004; 23: 832–840
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Donnell D E, Voduc N, Fitzpatrick M, Webb K A. Effect of salmeterol on the ventilatory response to exercise in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J 2004; 24: 86–94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oga T, Nishimura K, Tsukino M, Hajiro T, Ikeda A, Izumi T. The effects of oxitropium bromide on exercise performance in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A comparison of three different exercise tests. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 161: 1897–1901
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casaburi R, Kukafka D, Cooper C B, Witek T J, Jr, Kesten S. Improvement in exercise tolerance with the combination of tiotropium and pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with COPD. Chest 2005; 127: 809–817
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donaldson G C, Wilkinson T M, Hurst J R, Perera W R, Wedzicha J A. Exacerbations and time spent outdoors in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 171: 446–452
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spencer S, Calverley P M, Sherwood Burge P, Jones P W, ISOLDE Study Group. Health status deterioration in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 163: 122–128
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spencer S, Calverley P M, Burge P S, Jones P W. Impact of preventing exacerbations on deterioration of health status in COPD. Eur Respir J 2004; 23: 698–702
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Domingo-Salvany A, Lamarca R, Ferrer M, Garcia-Aymerich J, Alonso J, Félez M, Khalaf A, Marrades R M, Monsó E, Serra-Batlles J, Antó J M. Health-related quality of life and mortality in male patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 166: 680–685
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spencer S, Jones P W, GLOBE Study Group. Time course of recovery of health status following an infective exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. Thorax 2003; 58: 589–593
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calverley P M, Spencer S, Willits L, Burge P S, Jones P W, ISOLDE Study Group. Withdrawal from treatment as an outcome in the ISOLDE study of COPD. Chest 2003; 124: 1350–1356
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuso L, Incalzi R A, Pistelli R, Muzzolon R, Valente S, Pagliari G, Ghiozzi F, Ciappi G. Predicting mortality of patients hospitalized for acutely exacerbated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Med 1995; 98: 272–277
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groenewegen K H, Schols A M, Wouters E F. Mortality and mortality-related factors after hospitalization for acute exacerbation of COPD. Chest 2003; 124: 459–467
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seneff M G, Wagner D P, Wagner R P, Zimmerman J E, Knaus W A. Hospital and 1-year survival of patients admitted to intensive care units with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. JAMA 1995; 274: 1852–1857
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sin D D, McAlister F A, Man S F, Anthonisen N R. Contemporary management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: scientific review. JAMA 2003; 290: 2301–2312
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anthonisen N R, Wright E C, Hodgkin J E. Prognosis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1986; 133: 14–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishimura K, Izumi T, Tsukino M, Oga T. Dyspnea is a better predictor of 5-year survival than airway obstruction in patients with COPD. Chest 2002; 121: 1434–1440
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunen H, Hacievliyagil S S, Kosar F, Mutlu L C, Gulbas G, Pehlivan E, Sahin I, Kizkin O. Factors affecting survival of hospitalised patients with COPD. Eur Respir J 2005; 26: 234–241
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landbo C, Prescott E, Lange P, Vestbo J, Almdal T P. Prognostic value of nutritional status in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 160: 1856–1861
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connors A F, Jr, Dawson N V, Thomas C, Harrell F E, Jr, Desbiens N, Fulkerson W J, Kussin P, Bellamy P, Goldman L, Knaus W A. Outcomes following acute exacerbation of severe chronic obstructive lung disease. The SUPPORT investigators (Study to Understand Prognoses and Preferences for Outcomes and Risks of Treatments). Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 154: 959–967
   Google Scholar
• Bowen J B, Votto J J, Thrall R S, Campbell Haggerty M, Stockdale-Woolley R, Bandyopadhyay T, ZuWallack R L. Functional status and survival following pulmonary rehabilitation. Chest 2000; 118: 697–703
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Celli B R, Cote C G, Marin J M, Casanova C, Montes de Oca M, Mendez R A, Pinto Plata V, Cabral H J. The body-mass index, airflow obstruction, dyspnea, and exercise capacity index in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Eng J Med 2004; 350: 1005–1012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anthonisen N R, Skeans M A, Wise R A, Manfreda J, Kanner R E, Connett J E, Lung Health Study Research Group. The effects of a smoking cessation intervention on 14.5-year mortality: a randomized clinical trial. Ann Intern Med 2005; 142: 233–239
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fishman A, Martinez F, Naunheim K, Piantadosi S, Wise R, Ries A, Weinmann G, Wood D E, National Emphysema Treatment Trial Research Group. A randomized trial comparing lung-volume-reduction surgery with medical therapy for severe emphysema. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 2059–2073
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medical Research Council Working Party. Long term domiciliary oxygen therapy in chronic hypoxic cor pulmonale complicating chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Report of the Medical Research Council Working Party. Lancet 1981; 1: 681–686
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nocturnal Oxygen Therapy Trial Group. Continuous or nocturnal oxygen therapy in hypoxemic chronic obstructive lung disease: a clinical trial. Nocturnal Oxygen Therapy Trial Group. Ann Intern Med 1980; 93: 391–398
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puhan M A, Scharplatz M, Troosters T, Steurer J. Respiratory rehabilitation after acute exacerbation of COPD may reduce risk for readmission and mortality—a systematic review. Respir Res 2005; 6: 54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• La Vecchia C, Fabbri L M. Prevention of death in COPD. N Engl J Med 2007; 356: 2211–2212
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar