Emphysema on Thoracic CT and Exercise Ventilatory Inefficiency in Mild-to-Moderate COPD

References

• Kirby M, Pike D, Sin DD, Coxson HO, McCormack DG, Parraga G. COPD: Do imaging measurements of emphysema and airway disease explain symptoms and exercise capacity? Radiology 2015; 277:872–880.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pike D, Kirby M, Eddy RL, Guo F, Capaldi DPI, Ouriadov A, et al. Regional heterogeneity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease phenotypes: pulmonary (3)He magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography. COPD 2016; 13:601–609.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kirby M, Owrangi A, Svenningsen S, Wheatley A, Coxson HO, Paterson NAM, et al. On the role of abnormal DL(CO) in ex-smokers without airflow limitation: symptoms, exercise capacity and hyperpolarised helium-3 MRI. Thorax 2013; 68:752–759.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan WC, Sin DD, Bourbeau J, Hernandez P, Chapman KR, Cowie R, et al. CanCOLD Collaborative Research Group. Characteristics of COPD in never-smokers and ever-smokers in the general population: results from the CanCOLD study. Thorax 2015; 70:822–829.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhatt SP, Soler X, Wang X, Murray S, Anzueto AR, Beaty TH, et al. Association between functional small airways disease and FEV1 decline in COPD. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2016; 194:178–184.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Díaz AA, Morales A, Díaz JC, Ramos C, Klaassen J, Saldías F, et al. CT and physiologic determinants of dyspnea and exercise capacity during the six-minute walk test in mild COPD. Respir Med 2013; 107:570–579.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamasawa W, Tasaka S, Betsuyaku T, Yamaguchi K. Correlation of a decline in aerobic capacity with development of emphysema in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a prospective observational study. PloS One 2015; 10:e0125053.
   Google Scholar
• Díaz AA, Pinto-Plata V, Hernández C, Peña J, Ramos C, Díaz JC, et al. Emphysema and DLCO predict a clinically important difference for 6MWD decline in COPD. Respir. Med. 2015; 109:882–889.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neder JA, Arbex FF, Alencar MCN, O'Donnell CDJ, Cory J, Webb KA, et al. Exercise ventilatory inefficiency in mild to end-stage COPD. Eur Respir J 2015; 45:377–387.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ofir D, Laveneziana P, Webb KA, Lam Y-M, O'Donnell DE. Mechanisms of dyspnea during cycle exercise in symptomatic patients with GOLD stage I chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008; 177:622–629.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chin RC, Guenette JA, Cheng S, Raghavan N, Amornputtisathaporn N, Cortés-Télles A, et al. Does the respiratory system limit exercise in mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013; 187:1315–1323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guenette JA, Chin RC, Cheng S, Dominelli PB, Raghavan N, Webb KA, et al. Mechanisms of exercise intolerance in global initiative for chronic obstructive lung disease grade 1 COPD. Eur Respir J 2014; 44:1177–1187.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Donnell DE, Maltais F, Porszasz J, Webb KA, Albers FC, Deng Q, et al. The continuum of physiological impairment during treadmill walking in patients with mild-to-moderate COPD: patient characterization phase of a randomized clinical trial. PloS One 2014; 9:e96574.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elbehairy AF, Raghavan N, Cheng S, Yang L, Webb KA, Neder JA, et al. Physiologic characterization of the chronic bronchitis phenotype in GOLD grade IB COPD. Chest 2015; 147:1235–1245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elbehairy AF, Ciavaglia CE, Webb KA, Guenette JA, Jensen D, Mourad SM, et al. Canadian respiratory research network. Pulmonary gas exchange abnormalities in mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Implications for dyspnea and exercise intolerance. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2015; 191:1384–1394.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson HT. Dead space: the physiology of wasted ventilation. Eur Respir J 2015; 45:1704–1716.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barberà JA, Riverola A, Roca J, Ramirez J, Wagner PD, Ros D, et al. Pulmonary vascular abnormalities and ventilation-perfusion relationships in mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 149:423–429.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hueper K, Vogel-Claussen J, Parikh MA, Austin JHM, Bluemke DA, Carr J, et al. Pulmonary microvascular blood flow in mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and emphysema. The MESA COPD study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2015; 192:570–580.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilschut FA, van der Grinten CP, Lamers RJ, Wouters EF, Luijendijk SC. Intrapulmonary gas mixing and the sloping alveolar plateau in COPD patients with macroscopic emphysema. Eur Respir J 1999; 14:166–171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jögi J, Ekberg M, Jonson B, Bozovic G, Bajc M. Ventilation/perfusion SPECT in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: an evaluation by reference to symptoms, spirometric lung function and emphysema, as assessed with HRCT. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2011; 38:1344–1352.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodríguez-Roisin R, Drakulovic M, Rodríguez DA, Roca J, Barberà JA, Wagner PD. Ventilation-perfusion imbalance and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease staging severity. J Appl Physiol 2009; 106:1902–1908.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwaiblmair M, Beinert T, Seemann M, Behr J, Reiser M, Vogelmeier C. Relations between cardiopulmonary exercise testing and quantitative high-resolution computed tomography associated in patients with alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency. Eur J Med Res 1998; 3:527–532.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vestbo J, Hurd SS, Agustí AG, Jones PW, Vogelmeier C, Anzueto A, et al. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: GOLD executive summary. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013; 187:347–365.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baecke JA, Burema J, Frijters JE. A short questionnaire for the measurement of habitual physical activity in epidemiological studies. Am J Clin Nutr 1982; 36:936–942.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charlson ME, Pompei P, Ales KL, MacKenzie CR. A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation. J Chron Dis 1987; 40:373–383.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kirby M, Parraga G. COPD imaging: new tools to tackle an old problem? COPD 2014; 11:477–479.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hansell DM, Bankier AA, MacMahon H, McLoud TC, Müller NL, Remy J. Fleischner Society: glossary of terms for thoracic imaging. Radiology 2008; 246:697–722.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laszlo G. Respiratory measurements of cardiac output: from elegant idea to useful test. J Appl Physiol 2004; 96:428–437.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saur J, Trinkmann F, Doesch C, Scherhag A, Brade J, Schoenberg SO, et al. The impact of pulmonary disease on noninvasive measurement of cardiac output by the inert gas rebreathing method. Lung 2010; 188:433–440.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fontana P, Boutellier U, Toigo M. Reliability of measurements with Innocor during exercise. Int J Sports Med 2009; 30:747–753.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perrault H, Richard R, Kapchinsky S, Baril J, Bourbeau J, Taivassalo T. Addressing assumptions for the use of non-invasive cardiac output measurement techniques during exercise in COPD. COPD 2016; 13:75–81.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• O'Donnell DE, Laveneziana P, Webb K, Neder JA. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: clinical integrative physiology. Clin Chest Med 2014; 35:51–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ora J, Laveneziana P, Ofir D, Deesomchok A, Webb KA, O'Donnell DE. Combined effects of obesity and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on dyspnea and exercise tolerance. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009; 180:964–971.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arbex FF, Alencar MC, Souza A, Mazzuco A, Sperandio PA, Rocha A, et al. Exercise ventilation in COPD: influence of systolic heart failure. COPD 2016; 12:1–8 [Epub ahead of print].
   Google Scholar
• Thirapatarapong W, Armstrong HF, Bartels MN. Comparison of cardiopulmonary exercise testing variables in COPD patients with and without coronary artery disease. Heart Lung J Crit Care 2014; 43:146–151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hogg JC. Pathophysiology of airflow limitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Lancet 2004; 364:709–721.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barr RG. The epidemiology of vascular dysfunction relating to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and emphysema. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2011; 8:522–527.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barbera JA, Roca J, Ramirez J, Wagner PD, Ussetti P, Rodriguez-Roisin R. Gas exchange during exercise in mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Correlation with lung structure. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 144:520–525.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbera JA, Ramirez J, Roca J, Wagner PD, Sanchez-Lloret J, Rodriguez-Roisin R. Lung structure and gas exchange in mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990; 141:895–901.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbera JA, Roca J, Ramirez J, Wagner PD, Ussetti P, Rodriguez-Roisin R. Gas exchange during exercise in mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Correlation with lung structure. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 144:520–525.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Subramanian DR, Gupta S, Burggraf D, Vom Silberberg SJ, Heimbeck I, Heiss-Neumann MS, et al. Emphysema- and airway-dominant COPD phenotypes defined by standardised quantitative computed tomography. Eur Respir J 2016; 48:92–103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith BM, Austin JHM, Newell JD, D'Souza BM, Rozenshtein A, Hoffman EA, et al. Pulmonary emphysema subtypes on computed tomography: the MESA COPD study. Am J Med 2014; 127(94):e7–23.
   Google Scholar
• Criner GJ, Belt P, Sternberg AL, Mohsenifar Z, Make BJ, Utz JP, et al. National Emphysema Treatment Trial Research Group. Effects of lung volume reduction surgery on gas exchange and breathing pattern during maximum exercise. Chest 2009; 135:1268–1279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim V, Kretschman DM, Sternberg AL, DeCamp MM, Criner GJ, National Emphysema Treatment Trial Research Group. Weight gain after lung reduction surgery is related to improved lung function and ventilatory efficiency. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012; 186:1109–1116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang G, Wang L, Ma Z, Zhang C, Deng K. Quantitative emphysema assessment of pulmonary function impairment by computed tomography in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2015; 39:171–175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harf A, Pratt T, Hughes JM. Regional distribution of VA/Q in man at rest and with exercise measured with krypton-81m. J Appl Physiol 1978; 44:115–123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamhane RM, Johnson RL, Hsia CC. Pulmonary membrane diffusing capacity and capillary blood volume measured during exercise from nitric oxide uptake. Chest 2001; 120:1850–1856.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar