COPD Patients Have a Restricted Breathing Pattern That Persists with Increased Metabolic Demands

References

• Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 [Internet]. Seattle, WA: IHME, University of Washington. 2016. [cited 2018 May 9]. Available from: http://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-2016.
   Google Scholar
• Priban IP. An analysis of some short-term patterns of breathing in man at rest. J Physiol. 1963;166(3):425–434. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1963.sp007114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macklem PT. Complexity and respiration: a matter of life and death. In: Hamid Q, Shannon J, Martin J, editors. Physiologic basis of respiratory disease. Hamilton, Ontario: BC Decker Inc.; 2005. p. 605–609.
   Google Scholar
• Peng CK, Mietus JE, Liu Y, et al. Quantifying fractal dynamics of human respiration: age and gender effects. Ann Biomed Eng. 2002;30(5):683–692. doi:10.1114/1.1481053.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolton DP, Marsh J. Analysis and interpretation of turning points and run lengths in breath-by-breath ventilatory variables. J Physiol. 1984;351(1):451–459. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1984.sp015255.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wysocki M, Fiamma MN, Straus C, et al. Chaotic dynamics of ventilatory flow in humans. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2005;1:759–762.
   Google Scholar
• Lake DE, Richman JS, Griffin MP, et al. Sample entropy analysis of neonatal heart rate variability. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2002;283(3):R789–97. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00069.2002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonem S, Umar I, Burke D, et al. Airway impedance entropy and exacerbations in severe asthma. Eur Respir J. 2012;40(5):1156–1163. doi:10.1183/09031936.00228611.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veiga J, Lopes AJ, Jansen JM, et al. Fluctuation analysis of respiratory impedance waveform in asthmatic patients: effect of airway obstruction. Med Biol Eng Comput. 2012;50(12):1249–1259. doi:10.1007/s11517-012-0957-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muskulus M, Slats AM, Sterk PJ, et al. Fluctuations and determinism of respiratory impedance in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2010;109(6):1582–1591. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01414.2009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goulart C. d l, Cristiano Simon J, De Borba Schneiders P, et al. Respiratory muscle strength effect on linear and nonlinear heart rate variability parameters in COPD patients. COPD. 2016;Volume 11:1671–1677. doi:10.2147/COPD.S108860.
   Google Scholar
• Mazzuco A, Medeiros WM, Sperling MP, et al. Relationship between linear and nonlinear dynamics of heart rate and impairment of lung function in COPD patients. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2015;10:1651–1661.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yentes JM, Rennard SI, Schmid KK, et al. Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease walk with altered step time and step width variability as compared with healthy control subjects. Annals Ats. 2017;14(6):858–866. doi:10.1513/AnnalsATS.201607-547OC.
   Google Scholar
• Iranmanesh A, Rochester DF, Liu J, et al. Impaired adrenergic- and corticotropic-axis outflow during exercise in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Metabolism. 2011;60(11):1521–1529. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2011.03.018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Letellier C, Rabarimanantsoa H, Achour L, et al. Recurrence plots for dynamical analysis of non-invasive mechanical ventilation. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci. 2008;366(1865):621–634. doi:10.1098/rsta.2007.2114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aydore S, Sen I, Kahya YP, et al. Classification of respiratory signals by linear analysis. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2009;2009:2617–2620.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Torres A, Sarlabous L, Fiz JA, et al. Noninvasive measurement of inspiratory muscle performance by means of diaphragm muscle mechanomyographic signals in COPD patients during an incremental load respiratory test. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2010;2010:2493–2496.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goldberger AL, Amaral LA, Hausdorff JM, et al. Fractal dynamics in physiology: alterations with disease and aging. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2002;99(Supplement 1):2466–2472. doi:10.1073/pnas.012579499.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Frey U, Silverman M, Barabasi AL, et al. Irregularities and power law distributions in the breathing pattern in preterm and term infants. J Appl Physiol (1985). 1998;85(3):789–797. doi:10.1152/jappl.1998.85.3.789.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frey U, Brodbeck T, Majumdar A, et al. Risk of severe asthma episodes predicted from fluctuation analysis of airway function. Nature. 2005;438(7068):667–670. doi:10.1038/nature04176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caldirola D, Bellodi L, Caumo A, et al. Approximate entropy of respiratory patterns in panic disorder. AJP. 2004;161(1):79–87. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.161.1.79.
   Google Scholar
• Dames KK, Lopes AJ, de Melo PL. Airflow pattern complexity during resting breathing in patients with COPD: effect of airway obstruction. Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2014;192:39–47. doi:10.1016/j.resp.2013.12.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Javaheri S, Blum J, Kazemi H. Pattern of breathing and carbon dioxide retention in chronic obstructive lung disease. Am J Med. 1981;71(2):228–234. doi:10.1016/0002-9343(81)90116-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel H, Yang KL. Variability of intrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure in patients receiving mechanical ventilation. Crit Care Med. 1995;23(6):1074–1079.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veiga J, Lopes AJ, Jansen JM, et al. Airflow pattern complexity and airway obstruction in asthma. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2011;111(2):412–419. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00267.2011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung D. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management and prevention of COPD. 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Yentes JM, Hunt N, Schmid KK, et al. The appropriate use of approximate entropy and sample entropy with short data sets. Ann Biomed Eng. 2013;41(2):349–365. doi:10.1007/s10439-012-0668-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iles R, Motamedi-Fakhr S, Khalid A, et al. Characteristics of COPD tidal breathing patterns measured by structured light plethysmography (SLP): an age, gender, BMI matched study. Eur Respir J. 2015;46:PA2283. doi:10.1183/13993003.congress-2015.PA2283.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wrigge H, Golisch W, Zinserling J, et al. Proportional assist versus pressure support ventilation: effects on breathing pattern and respiratory work of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Intensive Care Med. 1999;25(8):790–798. doi:10.1007/s001340050954.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaworski J, Bates J. Sources of breathing pattern variability in the respiratory feedback control loop. J Theor Biol. 2019;469:148–162. doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2019.03.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipsitz LA. Dynamics of stability: the physiologic basis of functional health and frailty. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2002;57(3):B115–25. Mardoi:10.1093/gerona/57.3.B115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberger AL. Fractal variability versus pathologic periodicity: complexity loss and stereotypy in disease. Perspect Biol Med. 1997;40(4):543–561. doi:10.1353/pbm.1997.0063.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipsitz LA, Goldberger AL. Loss of complexity and aging - potential applications of fractals and chaos theory to senescence. Jama-J Am Med Assoc. 1992;267(13):1806–1809. 1doi:10.1001/jama.1992.03480130122036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reis MS, Arena R, Deus AP, et al. Deep breathing heart rate variability is associated with respiratory muscle weakness in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2010;65(4):369–375. doi:10.1590/S1807-59322010000400004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borghi-Silva A, Beltrame T, Reis MS, et al. Relationship between oxygen consumption kinetics and BODE Index in COPD patients. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2012;7:711–718.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whittom F, Jobin J, Simard PM, et al. Histochemical and morphological characteristics of the vastus lateralis muscle in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1998;30(10):1467–1474.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson RS, Leek BT, Gavin TP, et al. Reduced mechanical efficiency in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease but normal peak VO2 with small muscle mass exercise. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004;169(1):89–96. doi:10.1164/rccm.200305-627OC.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singer J, Yelin EH, Katz PP, et al. Respiratory and skeletal muscle strength in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: impact on exercise capacity and lower extremity function. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev. 2011;31(2):111–119. doi:10.1097/HCR.0b013e3182033663.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarlabous L, Torres A, Fiz JA, et al. Efficiency of mechanical activation of inspiratory muscles in COPD using sample entropy. Eur Respir J. 2015;46(6):1808–1811. doi:10.1183/13993003.00434-2015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brack T, Jubran A, Tobin MJ. Dyspnea and decreased variability of breathing in patients with restrictive lung disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;165(9):1260–1264. doi:10.1164/rccm.2201018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garrido D, Assioun JJ, Keshishyan A, et al. Respiratory rate variability as a prognostic factor in hospitalized patients transferred to the intensive care unit. Cureus. 2018;10(1):e2100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macklem PT. Emergent phenomena and the secrets of life. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2008;104(6):1844–1846. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00942.2007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCamley J, Denton W, Arnold A, et al. On the calculation of sample entropy using continuous and discrete human gait data. Entropy. 2018;20(10):764. doi:10.3390/e20100764.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raffalt PC, McCamley J, Denton W, et al. Sampling frequency influences sample entropy of kinematics during walking. Med Biol Eng Comput. 2019;57(4):759–764. doi:10.1007/s11517-018-1920-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mannino DM, Sonia Buist A, Vollmer WM. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the older adult: what defines abnormal lung function? Thorax. 2007;62(3):237–241. doi:10.1136/thx.2006.068379.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• López-Campos J)L, Soler-Cataluña JJ), Miravitlles M. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive lung disease 2019 report: future challenges. Arch Bronconeumol. 2020;56(2):65–67. doi:10.1016/j.arbr.2019.06.014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhatt SP, Balte PP, Schwartz JE, et al. Discriminative accuracy of FEV1:FVC thresholds for COPD-related hospitalization and mortality. JAMA. 2019;321(24):2438–2447. doi:10.1001/jama.2019.7233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar