Racial and Ethnic Minorities Have a Lower Prevalence of Airflow Obstruction than Non-Hispanic Whites

References

• American Lung Association. Lung health and diseases: How serious is COPD?; 2017 [accessed 2018 Aug 17]. Available from www.lung.org/lung-health-and-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/COPD/learn-about-COPD/how-serious-is-COPD.HTML
   Google Scholar
• Balmes J, Becklake M, Blanc P, et al. American thoracic society statement: occupational contribution to the burden of airway disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003;167(5):787–797.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dransfield MT, Bailey WC. COPD: racial disparities in susceptibility, treatment, and outcomes. Clin Chest Med. 2006;27(3):463–471, vii. DOI:10.1016/j.ccm.2006.04.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colby SL, Ortman JM. Projections of the size and composition of the U.S. population: 2014 to 2060, current population reports. Washington, DC: Bureau USC; 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Bruse S, Sood A, Petersen H, et al. New Mexican Hispanic smokers have lower odds of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and less decline in lung function than non-Hispanic whites. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;184(11):1254–1260. DOI:10.1164/rccm.201103-0568OC
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sood A, Stidley CA, Picchi MA, et al. Difference in airflow obstruction between Hispanic and non-Hispanic white female smokers. COPD. 2008;5(5):274–281. DOI:10.1080/15412550802363345
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Regan EA, Hokanson JE, Murphy JR, et al. Genetic epidemiology of COPD (COPDGene) study design. COPD. 2010;7(1):32–43. DOI:10.3109/15412550903499522
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Evans K, Lerch S, Boyce TW, et al. An innovative approach to enhancing access to medical screening for miners using a mobile clinic with telemedicine capability. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2016;27(4A):62–72. DOI:10.1353/hpu.2016.0182
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shumate AM, Yeoman K, Victoroff T, et al. Morbidity and health risk factors among New Mexico miners: a comparison across mining sectors. J Occup Environ Med. 2017;59(8):789–794. DOI:10.1097/JOM.0000000000001078
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferris BG. Epidemiology Standardization Project (American Thoracic Society). Am Rev Respir Dis. 1978;118(6 Pt 2):1–120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Standardization of Spirometry, 1994 Update. American Thoracic Society. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995;152(3):1107–1136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hankinson JL, Odencrantz JR, Fedan KB. Spirometric reference values from a sample of the general U.S. population. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999;159(1):179–187. DOI:10.1164/ajrccm.159.1.9712108
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crapo RO, Lockey J, Aldrich V, et al. Normal spirometric values in healthy american indians. J Occup Med. 1988;30(7):556–560.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Perez T, Burgel PR, Paillasseur JL, et al. Modified medical research council scale vs baseline dyspnea index to evaluate dyspnea in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int J Chronic Obstr Pulm Dis. 2015;10:1663–1672. DOI:10.2147/COPD.S82408
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabe KF, Hurd S, Anzueto A, et al. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: GOLD executive summary. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;176(6):532–555. DOI:10.1164/rccm.200703-456SO
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamil F, Pinzon I, Foreman MG. Sex and race factors in early-onset COPD. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2013;19(2):140–144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chatila WM, Wynkoop WA, Vance G, et al. Smoking patterns in African Americans and Whites with advanced COPD. Chest. 2004;125(1):15–21. DOI:10.1378/chest.125.1.15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehari A, Gillum RF. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in African- and European-American women: morbidity, mortality and healthcare utilization in the USA. Expert Rev Respir Med. 2015;9(2):161–170. DOI:10.1586/17476348.2015.1016502
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansel NN, Washko GR, Foreman MG, et al. Racial differences in CT phenotypes in COPD. COPD. 2013;10(1):20–27. DOI:10.3109/15412555.2012.727921
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Foreman MG, Zhang L, Murphy J, et al. Early-onset chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is associated with female sex, maternal factors, and African American race in the COPDGene study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;184(4):414–420. DOI:10.1164/rccm.201011-1928OC
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rice KL, Leimer I, Kesten S, et al. Responses to tiotropium in African-American and Caucasian patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Transl Res. 2008;152(2):88–94. DOI:10.1016/j.trsl.2008.05.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaya FT, Maneval MS, Gbarayor CM, et al. Burden of COPD, asthma, and concomitant COPD and asthma among adults: racial disparities in a medicaid population. Chest. 2009;136(2):405–411. DOI:10.1378/chest.08-2304
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardin M, Silverman EK, Barr RG, et al. The clinical features of the overlap between COPD and asthma. Respir Res. 2011;12(1):127. DOI:10.1186/1465-9921-12-127
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Putcha N, Han MK, Martinez CH, et al. Comorbidities of COPD have a major impact on clinical outcomes, particularly in African Americans. Chronic Obstr Pulm Dis. 2014;1(1):105–114. DOI:10.15326/jcopdf.1.1.2014.0112
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vaz Fragoso CA, McAvay G, Gill TM, et al. Ethnic differences in respiratory impairment. Thorax. 2014;69(1):55–62. DOI:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2013-203631
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinney GL, Thomas DS, Cicutto L, et al. The protective effect of Hispanic ethnicity on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease mortality is mitigated by smoking behavior. J Pulm Respir Med. 2014;4(6):220.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Samet JM, Wiggins CL, Key CR, et al. Mortality from lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in New Mexico, 1958–82. Am J Public Health. 1988;78(9):1182–1186. DOI:10.2105/ajph.78.9.1182
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diaz AA, Come CE, Mannino DM, et al. Obstructive lung disease in Mexican Americans and non-Hispanic whites: an analysis of diagnosis and survival in the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey III follow-up study. Chest. 2014;145(2):282–289. DOI:10.1378/chest.13-1414
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurth L, Doney B, Halldin C. Prevalence of airflow obstruction among ever-employed US adults aged 18–79 years by longest held occupation group: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007–2008. Occup Environ Med. 2016;73(7):482–486. DOI:10.1136/oemed-2015-103532
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruiz JM, Steffen P, Smith TB. Hispanic mortality paradox: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the longitudinal literature. Am J Public Health. 2013;103(3):e52–e60. DOI:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen W, Brehm JM, Boutaoui N, et al. Native American ancestry, lung function, and COPD in Costa Ricans. Chest. 2014;145(4):704–710. DOI:10.1378/chest.13-1308
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen W, Brehm JM, Manichaikul A, et al. A genome-wide association study of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Hispanics. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2015;12(3):340–348. DOI:10.1513/AnnalsATS.201408-380OC
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diaz AA, Petersen H, Meek P, et al. Differences in health-related quality of life between New Mexican Hispanic and non-Hispanic White smokers. Chest. 2016;150(4):869–876.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diaz AA, Rahaghi FN, Doyle TJ, et al. Differences in respiratory symptoms and lung structure between Hispanic and non-Hispanic white smokers: a comparative study. Chronic Obstr Pulm Dis. 2017;54(4):297–304. DOI:10.15326/jcopdf.4.4.2017.0150
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dwyer-Lindgren L, Bertozzi-Villa A, Stubbs RW, et al. Trends and patterns of differences in chronic respiratory disease mortality among US counties, 1980–2014. Jama. 2017;318(12):1136–1149. DOI:10.1001/jama.2017.11747
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pahwa P, Karunanayake CP, Rennie DC, et al. Prevalence and associated risk factors of chronic bronchitis in first nations people. BMC Pulm Med. 2017;17(1):95. DOI:10.1186/s12890-017-0432-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bird Y, Moraros J, Mahmood R, et al. Prevalence and associated factors of COPD among aboriginal peoples in Canada: a cross-sectional study. Int J Chronic Obstr Pulm Dis. 2017;12:1915–1922. DOI:10.2147/COPD.S138304
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konrad S, Hossain A, Senthilselvan A, et al. Chronic bronchitis in aboriginal people—prevalence and associated factors. Chronic Dis Inj Can. 2013;33(4):218–225. DOI:10.24095/hpcdp.33.4.03
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hwang YI, Kim CH, Kang HR, et al. Comparison of the prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease diagnosed by lower limit of normal and fixed ratio criteria. J Korean Med Sci. 2009;24(4):621–626. DOI:10.3346/jkms.2009.24.4.621
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schluger NW, Dozor AJ, Jung YEG. Rethinking the race adjustment in pulmonary function testing. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2021. DOI:10.1513/AnnalsATS.202107-890PS
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linares-Perdomo O, Hegewald M, Collingridge DS, et al. Comparison of NHANES III and ERS/GLI 12 for airway obstruction classification and severity. Eur Respir J. 2016;48(1):133–141. DOI:10.1183/13993003.01711-2015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun L, Wolfgang M, Dickersin K. Defining race/ethnicity and explaining difference in research studies on lung function. Eur Respir J. 2013;41(6):1362–1370. DOI:10.1183/09031936.00091612
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young RP, Hopkins RJ. A review of the Hispanic paradox: time to spill the beans? Eur Respir Rev. 2014;23(134):439–449. DOI:10.1183/09059180.00000814
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leng S, Picchi MA, Tesfaigzi Y, et al. Dietary nutrients associated with preservation of lung function in hispanic and non-Hispanic white smokers from New Mexico. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2017;12:3171–3181. DOI:10.2147/COPD.S142237
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perez-Stable EJ, Marin BV, Marin G, et al. Apparent underreporting of cigarette consumption among Mexican American smokers. Am J Public Health. 1990;80(9):1057–1061.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar