References
- Abbink, J. & van Kessel, I. 2005, Vanguard or Vandals: Youth, Politics and Conflict in Africa, Leiden: Brill.
- Abdullah, I. 1998, ‘Bush Path to Destruction: The Origin and Character of the Revolutionary United Font/Sierra Leone’ in Journal of Modern African Studies 36: 2: 203–234.
- African Youth Charter 2006, African Youth Charter: http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/FIELD/Dakar/pdf/AfricanYouthCharter.PDF, accessed October 2015.
- Agbiboa, D.E. 2013a, ‘Peace at Dagger’s Drawn? Boko Haram and the State of Emergency in Nigeria’ in Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 37: 1: 41–67.
- Agbiboa, D.E. 2013b, ‘Armed Groups, Arms Proliferations and the Amnesty Program in the Niger Delta, Nigeria’ in Journal of Third World Studies 30: 2: 39–64.
- Agbiboa, D.E. 2013c, ‘(Sp)oiling Domestic Terrorism? Boko Haram and State Response’ in Peace Review 25: 3: 431–438.
- Agbiboa, D.E. 2014a, ‘Can Nigerian Youth Destroy Boko Haram’s Caliphate?’ in Al Jazeera, 31 August, http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2014/08/can-nigerian-youth-destroy-boko-h-2014831729932280.html, accessed October 2015.
- Ardizzone, L. 2007, Gettin’ My Word Out: Voices of Urban Youth Activists, Albany, NY: SUNY Press.
- Argenti, N. 2002, ‘Youth in Africa: A Major Resource for Change’ in de Waal, A. & Argenti, N. eds, Young Africa: Realising the Rights of Children and Youth, Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press: 123–154.
- Austin, L. 2011, ‘The Politics of Youth Bulge: From Islamic Activism to Democratic Reform in the Middle East and North Africa’ in SAIS Review of International Affairs 31: 2: 81–96.
- Bauer, G. 2014, ‘Hashtag Campaign Didn’t “Bring Back Our Girls”’ in IndyStar, 7 August, http://www.indystar.com/story/opinion/2014/08/07/hashtag-campaign-bring-back-girls/13717045/, accessed October 2015.
- Burgess, G.T. & Burton, A. 2010, Generations Past: Youth in East African History, Athens: Ohio University Press.
- Butler, J. 1990. Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity,. London: Routledge.
- Chigunta, F. 2002, ‘The Socio-Economic Situation of Youth in Africa: Problems, Prospects, and Options’, Draft Paper, 12 July, http://yesweb.org/gkr/res/bg.africa.reg.doc accessed October 2015.
- Christiansen, C., Utas, M. & Vigh, H.E. 2006 eds, Navigating Youth Generating Adulthood: Social Becoming in an African Context, Uppsala: Nordic Africa Institute.
- Comaroff, J. & Comaroff, J. 2005, ‘Reflections on Youth: From the Past to the Postcolony’ in Honwana, A. & De Boeck, F. eds, Makers and Breakers: Children and Youth in Postcolonial Africa, Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, Inc.: 19–30.
- Comaroff, J. & Comaroff, J. 2006, ‘Reflections on Youth: From the Past to the Postcolony’ in Fisher, M. & Downey, G. eds, Frontiers of Capital, Durham, NC: Duke University Press: 267–281.
- Cruise O’Brien, D. 1996, ‘A Lost Generation? Youth Identity and State Decay in West Africa’ in Werbner, R. & Ranger, T. eds, Post-Colonial Identities in Africa, London: Zed Press: 54–74.
- de Certeau, M. 1984, The Practice of Everyday Life, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
- Denov, M. 2010, Child Soldiers: Sierra Leone’s Revolutionary United Front, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Denov, M. & Maclure, R. 2006a, ‘Engaging the Voices of Girls in the Aftermath of Sierra Leone’s Conflict: Experiences and Perspectives in a Culture of Violence’ in Anthropologica 48: 1: 73–85.
- Denov, M. & Maclure, R. 2006b, ‘“I Didn’t Want to Die So I Joined Them’’: Structuration and the Process of Becoming Boy Soldiers in Sierra Leone’ in Terrorism and Political Violence 18: 119–135.
- Dlamini, B. 2012, Keynote Address by the Minister of Social Development on the Occasion of Tweeling Youth Center, 11 November: http://www.dsd.gov.za/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=445&Itemid=106, accessed October 2015.
- ECOWAS 2014, ‘Final Communique: Extraordinary Session of the Authority of ECOWAS Heads of State and Government’, Press Release, 30 May.
- European Parliament 2014, ‘Mali: Economic Factors Behind the Crisis’, Directorate-General for External Policies, Policy Department Study: http://www.youthpolicy.org/wp-content/uploads/library/2014_EuropeanParliament_ReportPolicy_Mali.pdf, accessed October 2015.
- Foucault, M. 1981, ‘The Order of Discourse’ in Young, R. ed., Untying the Text: A Post-structuralist Reader, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul: 48–78.
- Gavin, M.D. 2007, ‘Africa’s Restless Youth’ in Current History May: 220–226.
- Honwana, A. 1999, ‘Negotiating Post-War Identities: Child Soldiers in Mozambique and Angola’ in CODESRIA Bulletin 1–2: 4–13.
- Honwana, A. 2012, ‘“Waithood”: Youth Transition and Social Change. Response to Syed Mansoob Murshed’: http://www.iss.nl/fileadmin/ASSETS/iss/Documents/Academic_publications/2_honwana.pdf.
- Honwana, A. 2013, ‘Youth, Waithood, and Protest Movements in Africa,’ African Argument, 12 August : http://africanarguments.org/2013/08/12/youth-waithood-and-protest-movements-in-africa-by-alcinda-honwana/, accessed October 2015.
- Information Nigeria 2015, ‘Maiduguri Attack: Shettima Hails Soldiers, Civilian JTF’ in Information Nigeria, 2 February, http://www.informationng.com/2015/02/maiduguri-attack-shettima-hails-soldiers-civilian-jtf.html, accessed October 2015.
- IRIN 2014, ‘Nigeria — The Community Turns against Boko Haram’, 11 August: http://www.irinnews.org/report/100475/nigeria-the-community-turns-against-boko-haram, accessed October 2015.
- Ismail, W., Olonisakin, F., Picciotto, B. & Wybrow, D. 2009, ‘Youth Vulnerability and Exclusion (YOVEX) in West Africa: Synthesis Report’, Conflict, Security and Development Group (CSDG) Papers,21.
- Joint AU–UN Assessment Mission 2012, Meeting of Experts on the Siutation in the Sahel and the Follow-up to the recommendations of the Joint AU-UN Assessment Mission: http://www.peaceau.org/en/article/meeting-ofexperts-on-the-situation-in-the-sahel-and-the-follow-up-to-the-recommendations-of-the-joint-au-unassessment-mission, accessed October 2015.
- Kaplan, R. 1994, ‘The Coming Anarchy: How Scarcity, Crime, Overpopulation, Tribalism and Disease Are Rapidly Destroying the Social Fabric of Our Planet’ in The Atlantic Monthly 273: 2, February: http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1994/02/the-coming-anarchy/304670/, accessed October 2015.
- Lévi-Strauss, C. 1966, The Savage Mind, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
- Machel, G. 1996, ‘Impact of Armed Conflict on Children’, Promotion and Protection of the Rights of Children, A/51/306, UNICEF Report: http://www.unicef.org/graca/a51-306_en.pdf, accessed October 2015.
- Maclure, R. & Sotelo, M. 2004, ‘Youth Gangs in Nicaragua: Gang Membership as Structured Individualization’ in Journal of Youth Studies 7: 4: 417–432.
- Maira, S. & Soep, E. 2005 eds, 2005, Youthscapes: The Popular, the National, the Global, Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.
- Mensch, B.S., Bruce, J. & Greene, M.E. 1998, ‘The Uncharted Passage: Girls’ Adolescence in the Developing World, New York, NY: The Population Council.
- Moller, H. 1968, ‘Youth as a Force in the Modern World’ in Comparative Studies in Sociology and History 10: 237–260.
- Murphy, W. 2003, ‘Military Patrimonialism and Child Solider Clientalism in the Liberian and Sierra Leonean Civil Wars’ in African Studies Review 46: 2: 61–87.
- Musili, P. & Smith, P. 2013, ‘The Lawless Roads: An Overview of Turbulence across the Sahel’, NOREF Report, June.
- Mustapha, A.R. 2012, ‘Boko Haram: Killing in God’s Name’ in Mail and Guardian, 5 April: http://mg.co.za/article/2012-04-05-boko-haram-killing-in-gods-name, accessed October 2015.
- Nairaland Forum 2013, ‘Bornu Trains 800 Youths for Civilian JTF’ in Nairaland Forum, 28 September: http://www.nairaland.com/1457402/borno-trains-800-youths-civilian, accessed October 2015.
- N’Diaye, B. 2009, ‘Youth Vulnerability and Exclusion (YOVEX) in West Africa: Mali Country Report’, Conflict, Security and Development Group (CSDG) Papers 25, April.
- Obaje, T.A. & Uzodike, N.O. 2013, ‘The Question of Youth Participation in Peacebuilding Processes in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria’, ACCORD Conference Paper: http://www.accord.org.za/images/downloads/conference/ACCORD-conference-paper-2-2013-youth-nigeria.pdf, accessed October 2015.
- Olonisakin, F. 2013, ‘Nigeria Must Win Battle for Youth to Beat Boko Haram’ in People’s Daily, 21 November: 25: http://issuu.com/pml01/docs/211113, accessed October 2015.
- Onuoha, F. 2014, ‘Why Do Youth Join Boko Haram’, United States Institute of Peace (USIP) Special Report: http://www.usip.org/publications/why-do-youth-join-boko-haram, accessed October 2015.
- Prantl, H. 2011, ‘Holy Wrath Youth’ in Suddeutsche.de, 20 August: http://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/proteste-in-aller-welt-heiliger-zorn-der-jugend-1.1133140, accessed October 2015.
- Pratten, D. n.d., ‘The Precariousness of Prebendalism’, Working Paper, University of Oxford.
- Pruitt, L.J. 2013, Youth Peacebuilding: Music, Gender and Change, Albany, NY: SUNY Press.
- Punch 2015, ‘Elections: Civilian JTF Offers Protection for INEC Officials’ in Punch, 21 February: https://disqus.com/home/discussion/punchmobile/elections_civilian_jtf_offers_protection_for_inec_officials/, accessed October 2015.
- Smith, S.W. 2011, ‘Youth in Africa: Rebels without a Cause But Not without Effect’ in SAIS Review of International Affairs 31: 2: 97–110.
- Siollun, M. 2014, ‘The Early Days of Boko Haram’, Max Siollun’s Website, 19 May: https://maxsiollun.wordpress.com/2014/05/19/the-early-days-of-boko-haram/, accessed October 2015.
- Ukeje, C.U. & Iwilade, A. 2012, ‘A Farewell to Innocence? African Youth and Violence in the Twenty-First Century’ in International Journal of Conflict and Violence 6: 2: 338–350.
- UNECA , ‘Beyond Uprisings, Real Change Requires Youth Participation in Governance and Politics – Expert’, ECA Press Release 190/2012: http://www1.uneca.org/ArticleDetail/tabid/3018/ArticleId/2244/Beyond-uprisings-real-change-requires-youth-participation-in-governance-and-politics-Expert.aspx, accessed October 2015.
- UNDP 2005, ‘Youth and Violent Conflict: Society and Development in Crisis?’, Strategic Review with a special focus on West Africa, Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery, UNDP.
- UNDP 2007, ‘The Youth of Africa: A Threat to Security or a Force for Peace?’, UNDP Conference Background Paper.
- UNESCO 2010, ‘UNESCO SHS Strategy on African Youth: Towards an Enabling Policy Environment for Youth Development and Civic Engagement in Africa (2009–2013)’ 184 EX/INF.11, Paris, 7 April.
- Vigh, H. 2009, ‘Youth mobilization as Social Navigation: Reflections on the Concept of Dubriagem’ in Cadernos de Estudos Africanos 18/19: 140–164.
- Waller, R. 2006, ‘Rebellious Youth in Colonial Africa’ in Journal of African History 47: 1: 77–92.
- Warscapes 2014, ‘Shadow Justice in Nigeria’ in Warscapes, 27 June: http://www.warscapes.com/opinion/shadow-justice-nigeria, accessed 10 October 2015.
- Wyn, J. & Dwyer, P. 1999, ‘New Directions in Research on Youth in Transition’ in Journal of Youth Studies 2: 5–21.