Integrated Seed Sector Development in Africa: A Conceptual Framework for Creating Coherence Between Practices, Programs, and Policies

REFERENCES

• Abay , A. , de Boef , W. S. and Bjørnstad , Å. 2011 . Network analysis of barley seed flows in Tigray, Ethiopia: supporting the design of strategies that contribute to on-farm management of plant genetic resources . Plant Genet. Res. , doi: 10.1017/S1479262111000773
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Union , African . 2008 . African seed and biotechnology programme , Addis Ababa , Ethiopia : African Union .
   Google Scholar
• Union , African . 2011 . Communiqué on integrated seed sector development , Addis Ababa , Ethiopia : African Union .
   Google Scholar
• Alene , A. D. , Menkir , A. , Ajala , S. O. , Badu-Apraku , B. , Alanrewaju , A. S. , Manyong , V. M. and Ndiaye , A. 2009 . The economic and poverty impacts of maize researcher in West and Central Africa . Agric. Econ. , 40 : 535 – 550 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almekinders , C. J. M. and Elings , A. 2001 . Collaboration of farmers and breeders: participatory crop improvement in perspective . Euphytica , 122 : 425 – 438 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almekinders , C. J. M. and Louwaars , N. P. 1999 . Farmers' seed production: New approaches and practices , London , , UK : Intermediate Technology .
   Google Scholar
• Almekinders , C. J. M. , Louwaars , N. P. and de Bruijn , G. H. 1994 . Local seed systems and their importance for an improved seed supply in developing countries . Euphytica , 78 : 207 – 216 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almekinders , C. J. M. , Thiele , T. and Danial , D. L. 2007 . Can cultivars from participatory plant breeding improve seed provision to small-scale farmers? . Euphytica , 153 : 263 – 272 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alvarez , N. , Garineb , E. , Khasahc , C. , Douniasd , E. , Hossaert-McKeya , M. and McKeya , D. 2005 . Farmers' practices, meta-population dynamics, and conservation of agricultural biodiversity on-farm: A case study of sorghum among the Duupa in Sub-Sahelian Cameroon . Biolog. Conser. , 121 : 533 – 543 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aw-Hassan , A. , Mazid , A. and Salahieh , H. 2008 . The role of informal farmer-to-farmer seed distribution in diffusion of new barley varieties in Syria . Exper. Agric. , 44 ( 3 ) : 413 – 431 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bal , S. S. and Douglas , J. E. 1992 . Designing successful farmer-managed seed systems. Development Studies Paper Series , Morrilton , AK : Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development .
   Google Scholar
• Bishaw , Z. and Turner , M. 2007 . Linking participatory plant breeding to the seed supply system . Euphytica , 163 : 31 – 44 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bragdon , S. , Jarvis , D. I. , Gauchan , D. , Mar , I. , Hue , N. N. , Balma , D. Collado , L. 2009 . The agricultural biodiversity policy development process: Exploring means of policy development to support the on-farm management of crop genetic diversity . Int. J. Biodivers. Sci. Ecosyst. Serv. Manage. , 5 ( 1 ) : 10 – 20 .
   Google Scholar
• Byerlee , D. and de Janvry , A. 2007 . World development report, 2008. Agriculture for development , Edited by: Sadoulet , E. , Townsend , R. and Klytchnikova , I. Washington , DC : World Bank .
   Google Scholar
• Ceccarelli , S. , Guimarães , E.P. and Weltzien , E. 2009 . Plant breeding and farmer participation , Rome , Italy : FAO .
   Google Scholar
• CGN. 2007. Report on training of trainers (2nd workshop) on participatory plant breeding in farmers' field schools. Organized jointly by Ethio-Organic Seed Action (EOSA) and Centre for Genetic Resources of the Netherlands (CGN), 29 October – 02 November 2007. Wageningen, The Netherlands: CGN http://documents.plant.wur.nl/.../eosa/BO-10-006-127_TOT_second_session.pdf (http://documents.plant.wur.nl/.../eosa/BO-10-006-127_TOT_second_session.pdf)
   Google Scholar
• Chambers , R. , Pacey , A. and Thrupp , L. A. 1989 . Farmer first: farmer innovation and agricultural research , London , , UK : Intermediate Technology .
   Google Scholar
• Chinsanga , B. 2011 . Seeds and subsidies: The political economy of input programmes in Malawi . IDS Bull. , 42 ( 4 ) : 59 – 68 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cromwell , E. , Friss-Hansen , E. and Turner , M. 1992 . The seed sector in developing countries: A framework for performance analysis , London , , UK : Overseas Development Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Dalton , J. T. , Anderson , C. T. , Lipper , L. and Keleman , A. 2010 . “ Market and access to crop genetic resources ” . In Seed trade in rural markets. Implications for crop diversity and agricultural development , Edited by: Lipper , L. , Anderson , C.L. and Dalton , J.T. 15 – 30 . London , , UK : Earthscan .
   Google Scholar
• David , S. , Mukandala , L. and Mafure , J. 2002 . Seed availability, an ignored factor in crop varietal adoption studies: a case study of beans in Tanzania . J. Sustain. Agric. , 21 ( 2 ) : 5 – 20 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Boef , W. S. and Thijssen , M. H. 2010 . The principles autonomy and entrepreneurship guide the strengthening of LSB development in Ethiopia . LSB Newslett. , 6 : 2 – 5 .
   Google Scholar
• De Boef , W. S. , Dempewolf , H. , Byakweli , J. M. and Engels , J. M. M. 2010 . Integrating genetic resource conservation and sustainable development into strategies to increase the robustness of seed systems . J. Sustain. Agric. , 34 : 504 – 531 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Boef , W. S. , Louwaars , N. P. and Almekinders , C. J. M. 1997 . “ Methodology issues in strengthening farmers' research and technology development ” . In New frontiers in participatory research and gender analysis for technology development. Proceedings of the 1996 International Seminar on Participatory Research and Gender Analysis for Technology Development in Cali, Colombia , 87 – 100 . Cali , Columbia : International Centre for Tropical Agriculture .
   Google Scholar
• Douglas , J. 1980 . Successful seed programs: A planning and management guide , Boulder , CO : Westview Press .
   Google Scholar
• Emperaire , L. and Peroni , N. 2007 . Traditional management of agrobiodiversity in Brazil: A case study of manioc . Human Ecol. , 35 : 761 – 768 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evenson , R. E. and Gollin , D. 2003 . Crop variety improvement and its effect on productivity: The impact of international agricultural research , Wallingford , , UK : CABI .
   Google Scholar
• FAO . 2010 . Second report on the state of the world's plant genetic resources for food and agriculture , Rome , Italy : Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture .
   Google Scholar
• Feistritzer , W. P. 1984 . The FAO seed improvement and development programme (SIDP) . Seed Sci. Technol. , 12 ( 1 ) : 31 – 34 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frankel , O. H. and Soulé , M. E. 1981 . Conservation and evolution , Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gregg , B. R. and van Gastel , A. J. G. 1997 . Managing seed marketing , Ibadan , Nigeria : IITA/GTZ/CRI .
   Google Scholar
• Gyawali , S. , Sthapit , B. R. , Bhandari , B. , Bajracharya , J. , Shrestha , P. K. , Upadhyay , M. P. and Jarvis , D. I. 2010 . Participatory crop improvement and formal release of Jethobudho rice landrace in Nepal . Euphytica , 176 : 59 – 78 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarvis , D. I. , Sevilla-Panizo , R. , Chávez-Servia , J. L. and Hodgkin , T. 2004 . Seed systems and crop genetic diversity on-farm: Proceedings of a workshop on 16-20 September 2003, Pucallpa, Peru , Rome , Italy : IPGRI .
   Google Scholar
• Jarvis , D. I. , Hodgkin , T. , Sthapit , B. R. , Fadda , C. and Lopez Noriega , I. 2011 . A heuristic framework for identifying multiple ways of supporting the conservation and use of traditional crop varieties within the agricultural production system . Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. , 30 ( 1 & 2 ) : 125 – 176 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latournerie-Moreno , L. , Tuxill , J. , Yupit-Moo , E. , Arias-Reyes , L. , Cristobal-Alejo , J. and Jarvis , D. I. 2006 . Traditional maize storage methods of Mayan farmers inYucatan, Mexico: implications for seed selection and crop diversity . Biodivers. Conserv. , 15 ( 5 ) : 1,771 – 1,795 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipper , L. , Anderson , C. L. and Dalton , T. J. 2010 . Seed trade in rural markets. implications for crop diversity and agricultural development , London , , UK : Earthscan .
   Google Scholar
• Lipton , M. and Longhurst , R. 1989 . New seeds and poor people , London , , UK : Unwin Hyman .
   Google Scholar
• Longley , C. Agricultural input vouchers in emergency programming: Lessons from Ethiopia and Mozambique. HPG background paper , London , UK : Overseas Development Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Louette , D. , Charrier , A. and Berthaud , J. 1997 . In situ conservation of maize in Mexico: Genetic diversity and maize seed management in a traditional community . Econ. Bot. , 51 ( 1 ) : 20 – 38 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Louwaars , N. 2007 . Seeds of confusion: The impact of policies on seed systems , Diss , , The Netherlands : Wageningen University, Wageningen .
   Google Scholar
• Louwaars , N. P. 1996a . “ Integrated seed supply: Institutional linkages in relation to system efficiency, biodiversity, and gender ” . In Alternative approaches to bean seed production and distribution in Eastern and Southern Africa: Proceedings of a Working Group Meeting, Kampala, Uganda, 10-13 October 1994. Network on Bean Research in Africa. Workshop Series No. 32 , Edited by: David , S. and Kampala . Cali , Columbia : CIAT .
   Google Scholar
• Louwaars , N. P. 1996b . “ Policies and strategies for seed system development ” . In Integrating seed systems for annual food crops; proceedings of a workshop held in Malang, Indonesia, October 24-27 1995, CGPRT Paper No. 32 , Edited by: Van Amstel , H. , Bottema , J. W. T. , Sidik , M. and van Santen , C. E. 5 – 15 . Bogor , Indonesia : CGPRT, RILET and PERAGI .
   Google Scholar
• Louwaars , N.P. 2002 . Seed policy, legislation, and law: Widening a narrow focus , Binghamton , NY : Haworth Press .
   Google Scholar
• MacRobert , J. F. 2009 . Seed business management in Africa , Harare , Zimbabwe : CIMMYT .
   Google Scholar
• Mason , N. , Jayne , T. S. , Chapoto , A. and Donovan , C. 2011 . Putting the 2007/2008 global food crises in longer-term perspective: Trends in staple food affordability in urban Zambia and Kenya . Food Policy , 36 ( 3 ) : 350 – 367 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGuire , S. J. 2008 . Securing access to seed: social relations and sorghum seed exchange in eastern Ethiopia . Human Ecol. , 36 ( 2 ) : 217 – 229 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakaponda , B. 2011 . National seed sector assessment–Zambia. African seed and biotechnology programme/integrated seed sector development in Africa , Lusaka , Zambia : Self Help Africa Zambia .
   Google Scholar
• Neate , P. J. H. and Guei , R. G. 2011 . Promoting the growth and development of smallholder seed enterprises for food security crops , Rome , Italy : FAO .
   Google Scholar
• O'Connor Funk , A. 2009 . The African seed company toolbox: 52 tools every seed company manager should know how to use , Nairobi , Kenya : Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation .
   Google Scholar
• Pretty , J. N. 1995 . Regenerating agriculture. Policies and practice for sustainability and self-reliance , London , UK : Earthscan .
   Google Scholar
• Richards , P. , Ruivenkamp , G. and van der Drift , R. 1997 . Seeds and survival; crop genetic resources in war and reconstruction , Rome , Italy : IPGRI .
   Google Scholar
• Salazar , R. , Louwaars , N. and Visser , B. 2007 . Protecting farmers' new varieties: new approaches to rights on collective innovations in plant genetic resources . World Develop. , 35 ( 9 ) : 1,015 – 1,528 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scoones , I. and Thompson , J. 2011 . The politics of seed in Africa's green revolution: Alternative narratives and competing pathways . IDS Bulletin , 42 ( 4 ) : 1 – 23 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sentimela , P. S. , Babu-Apraku , B. and Mwangi , W. 2009 . Variety testing and release approaches in DTMA project countries in sub-Saharan Africa , Harare , Zimbabwe : CIMMYT .
   Google Scholar
• Smale , M. , Byerlee , D. and Jayne , T. 2011 . Maize revolutions in sub-Saharan Africa. Policy Research Working Paper 5659 , Washington , DC : World Bank .
   Google Scholar
• Sperling , L. and McGuire , S. 2010 . Understanding and strengthening informal seed markets . Exper. Agric. , 46 ( 2 ) : 119 – 136 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sperling , L. , Cooper , H. D. and Remmington , T. 2008 . Moving towards more effective seed aid . J. Develop. Stud. , 44 ( 4 ) : 586 – 612 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sperling , L. , Osborn , T. C. and Cooper , H. D. 2004 . Towards effective and sustainable seed relief activities. Report of the workshop on effective and sustainable seed relief activities, Rome, 26-28 May 2003 , Rome , Italy : FAO .
   Google Scholar
• Sthapit , B. R. , Subedi , A. , Shrestha , P. , Chaudhary , P. , Shrestha , P. and Upadhyay , M. 2008 . “ Practices supporting community biodiversity management of farmers' varieties ” . In Farmers, seeds and varieties: Supporting informal seed supply in Ethiopia , Edited by: Thijssen , M. H. , Bishaw , Z. , Beshir , A. and de Boef , W. S. 166 – 171 . Wageningen , , The Netherlands : Wageningen International .
   Google Scholar
• Thijssen , M. H. , Bishaw , Z. , Beshir , A. and de Boef , W.S. 2008 . Farmers' seeds and varieties: supporting informal seed supply in Ethiopia , Wageningen , , The Netherlands : Wageningen International .
   Google Scholar
• Toennissen , G. , Adesina , A. and Devries , J. 2008 . Building an alliance for a green revolution in Africa . Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. , 1,136 : 233 – 42 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tripp , R. 1997 . New seeds and old laws , London , , UK : Intermediate Technology .
   Google Scholar
• Tripp , R. 2001 . Seed provision and agricultural development. The institutions of rural change , Oxford , , UK : James Currey .
   Google Scholar
• Witcombe , J. R. and Virk , D. S. 1997 . “ New directions for public sector variety testing ” . In New seed and old laws: Regulatory reform and the diversification of national seed system , Edited by: Tripp , R. 59 – 87 . London , , UK : Intermediate Technology .
   Google Scholar
• Witcombe , J. R. , Joshi , A. , Joshi , K. D. and Sthapit , B. R. 1996 . Farmer participatory crop improvement. I. Varietal selection and breeding methods and their impact on biodiversity . Exper. Agric. , 32 : 445 – 460 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar