Variability of survival and yield traits in cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) clones under marginal field conditions in Ghana

References

• Adenuga, O. O., O. O. Olaniyi, O. O. Adeigbe, A. F. Adepoju, K. E. Dada, and E. F. Mapayi. 2015. Phenotypic description and discrimination of some early-bearing cacao (Theobroma Cacao L.) genotypes using pod and bean traits. Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science 8:35–42.
   Google Scholar
• Adomako, B., and Y. Adu-Ampomah. 2001. The use of indices for early selection of high yielding cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) varieties. Ghana Journal of Agricultural Science 3:23–30.
   Google Scholar
• Adomako, B., F. K. Padi, S. Y. Opoku, M. K. Assuah, O. Domfeh, and F. Owusu-Ansah. 2007. International clone trial and local clone selection Trial. In Annual Report, ed. Victress Johnson, 43–49. Akim Tafo, Ghana: Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana. 2007/08.
   Google Scholar
• Ahenkorah, Y., B. J. Halm, M. R. Appiah, and G. S. Akrofi. 1982. Fertilizer use on cacao rehabilitation projects in Ghana. In Proceeding of the 8th International Cacao Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia 1981, 165–70.
   Google Scholar
• Aikpokpodion, P. O., J. C. Motamayor, V. O. Adetimirin, Y. Adu-Ampomah, I. Ingelbrecht, I. A. B. Eskes, R. J. Schnell, and M. Kolesnikova-Allen. 2009. Genetic diversity assessment of sub-samples of cacao, Theobroma cacao L. collections in West Africa using simple sequence repeats marker. Tree Genetics and Genome 5:699–711.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akpertey, A., A. M. Dadzie, P. K. Adu-Gyamfi, A. Ofori, and F. K. Padi. 2017. Effectiveness of juvenile traits as selection criteria for yield efficiency in kola. Scientia Horticulturae 216:264–71.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aneani, F., V. Anchirinah, M. Asamoah, and F. Owusu-Ansah. 2007. Baseline socio-economic and farm management’s survey. A Final Report for the Ghana Cacao Farmers’ Newspaper Project. Cacao Research Institute of Ghana (CRIG), New Tafo–Akim, Ghana.
   Google Scholar
• Aneani, F., and K. Ofori-Frimpong. 2013. An analysis of yield gap and some factors of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) yields in Ghana. Sustainable Agriculture Research 2:117–27.
   Google Scholar
• Anim-Kwapong, G. J., and E. B. Frimpong. 2006. Vulnerability of agriculture to climate change - impact of climate change on cacao production. In Report on vulnerability and adaptation assessment under the Netherlands climate change studies assistance programme phase 2 (NCCSAP2), 44. Tafo, Ghana: Cacao Research Institute of Ghana.
   Google Scholar
• Asante-Poku, A., and F. Angelucci. 2013. Analysis of incentives and disincentives for cacao in Gnana. Rome: Technical notes series, MAFAP, FAO.
   Google Scholar
• Baah, F., V. Anchirinah, and F. Amon-Armah. 2011. Soil fertility management practices of cacao farmers in the eastern region of Ghana. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America 2:174–81.
   Google Scholar
• Badigannavar, A., G. Girish, and T. R. Ganapathia. 2015. Genetic variation for seed phosphorus and yield traits in Indian sorghum landraces and varieties. Crop Journal 3:358–65.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bekele, F. L., D. R. Butler, and G. G. Bidaisee. 2008. Upper Amazon Forastero cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) 1: An assessment of phenotypic relationships in the International Cocoa Genebank. Trinidad Tropical Agricultural (Trinidad) 85:1–15.
   Google Scholar
• Bello, O. B., S. A. Ige, M. A. Azeez, M. S. Afolabi, S. Y. Abdulmaliq, and J. Mahamood. 2012. Heritability and genetic advance for grain yield and its component characters in maize (Zea Mays L.). International Journal of Plant Research 2:138–45.
   Google Scholar
• Brunt, A. A. 1975. The effects of cacao swollen-shoot virus on the growth and yield of Amelonado and Amazon cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) in Ghana. Annals of Applied Biology 80:169–80.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheesman, E. E. 1944. Notes on the nomenclature, classification and possible relationships of cacao populations. Tropical Agricultural 21:144–59.
   Google Scholar
• Cilas, C., R. Machado, and J. C. Motamayor. 2010. Relationship between several traits linked to sexual plant reproduction in Theobroma cacao L: Number of ovules per ovary, number of seed per pod, and seed weight. Tree Genetic Genomes 6:219–26.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, L. 1992. Power Primer. Psychological Bulletin 112:155–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Condit, R., S. P. Hubbell, and R. B. Foster. 1995. Mortality rates of 205 neotropical tree and shrub species and the impact of severe drought. Ecological Monographs 65:419–39.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwin, J., and W. Masters. 2005. Genetic improvement and cocoa yields in Ghana. Experimental Agriculture 41:491–503.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glendinning, D. R. 1964. A study of clonal cacao variety. Horticultural Research 4:89–97.
   Google Scholar
• Gockowski, J., V. Afari-Sefa, A. Dziwornu, and N. Fredua-Agyeman. 2011. Economic cost-benefit analysis of fine flavor and certified sustainable cocoa production systems in Ghana. Quarterly Journal of International Agriculture 50:175–200.
   Google Scholar
• Hutcheon, W. V. 1973. Breeding for tolerance of exposure and the ability to respond to increased radiation. In Annual Report, ed. E. K. Tetteh, 203–04. Ghana Cacao Res. Inst.
   Google Scholar
• International Cacao Organization (ICCO). 2013. Quarterly Bulletin of Cacao Statistics, Vol. XXXIX. London, UK: International Cacao Organization. No. 4, Cacao year 2012/13.
   Google Scholar
• Lachenaud, P. 1995. Variations in the number of beans per pod in Theobroma cacao L. in the Ivory Coast. II. Pollen germination, fruit setting and ovule development. Journal of Horticultural Science 70:1–6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lockwood, G., F. Owusu-Ansah, and Y. Adu-Ampomah. 2007. Heritability of single plant yield and incidence of black pod yield in cacao. Experimental Agriculture 43:455–62.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lockwood, G., and J. T. Y. Pang. 1995. Cocoa Breeding at BAL Plantations: Genetic analysis and its implications for breeding strategy. In Proceedings of the International Workshop on Cocoa Breeding Strategies (INGENIC), 66–80. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, October 18–19, 1994.
   Google Scholar
• Motamayor, J. C., P. Lachenaud, S. J. W. Mota, R. Loor, D. N. Kuhn, S. Brown, and R. J. Schnell. 2008. Geographic and genetic population differentiation of the Amazonian chocolate tree (Theobroma cacao L.). PLoS One 3:10.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ofori, A., F. K. Padi, K. Acheampong, and S. Lowor. 2015. Genetic variation and relationship of traits related to drought tolerance in cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) under shade and no-shade conditions in Ghana. Euphytica 201:411–21.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ofori, A., F. K. Padi, F. O. Ansah, A. Akpertey, and G. J. Anim-Kwapong. 2016. Genetic variation for vigor and yield of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) clones in Ghana. Scientia Horticulturae 213:287–93.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ofori, A., F. K. Padi, M. K. Assuah, and G. J. Anim-Kwapong. 2014. Broadening the gene pool of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) progenies with Guiana clones: Establishment and precocity traits. Journal of Crop Improvement 28:715–28.
   Google Scholar
• Olalekan, I. S., B. O. Akinyele, A. C. Odiyi, D. B. Adewale, and A. A. Muyiwa. 2016. Heterosis and heritability estimates of some yield traits in eight hybrids of cacaa (Theobroma cacao L.). Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology 6:1–8.
   Google Scholar
• Opeke, L. K., and H. Toxopeus. 1967. Preliminary studies on the yield and establishment of WACRI Series I and II cacao varieties in Western Nigeria. Nigerian Agricultural Journal 4:22–27.
   Google Scholar
• Opoku, I. Y., A. Y. Akrofi, A. Abdul-Karima, and Y. Adu-Ampomah. 2001. The assessment of open pollinated Upper-Amazon populations. In Annual Report, ed. M. Manu, 151. Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana. 2001/02.
   Google Scholar
• Oyedokun, A. V., A. A. Omoloye, B. D. Adewale, O. O. Adeigbe, O. O. Adenuga, and P. O. Aikpokpodion. 2011. Phenotypic variability and diversity analysis of bean traits of some cocoa hybrids in Nigeria. Asian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 3:127–31.
   Google Scholar
• Oyewole, O. S., J. A. Omueti, and R. I. Rotimi. 2012. Growth of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) seedlings on old cacao soils amended with organic and inorganic fertilizers. African Journal of Agricultural Research 24:3604–08.
   Google Scholar
• Padi, F. K., P. K. Adu-Gyamfi, A. Akpertey, A. Arthur, and A. Ofori. 2013. Differential response of cacao (Theobroma cacao L) families to field establishment stress. Plant Breeding 132:229–36.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Padi, F. K., and A. Ofori. 2016. Cacao seed purity and genotype influence on seedling growth under Peasant-Farmer conditions in Ghana. Journal of Crop Improvement 30:493–515.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Padi, F. K., A. Ofori, and A. Arthur. 2016. Genetic variation and combining abilities for vigor and yield in a recurrent selection programme for cacao. Ournal of Agricultural Science 155:444–64.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Padi, F. K., S. Y. Opoku, B. Adomako, and Y. Adu-Ampomah. 2012. Effectiveness of juvenile tree growth rate as an index for selecting high yielding cacao families. Scientia Horticulturae 139:14–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pardo, J., and G. A. Enriquez. 1988. Herencia de algunos components de la calidad industrial en almendras de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.). In Proceedings of the 10th International Cacao Research Conference, 695–99. Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, May 17–23.
   Google Scholar
• Parry, M. L., C. Rosenzweig, A. Iglesias, M. Livermore, and G. Fischer. 2004. Effects of climate change on global food production under SRES emissions and socio-economic scenarios’. Global Environmental Change 14:53–67.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paulin, D., P. Lachenaud, G. Mossu, and A. B. Eskes. 1994. Genetic analysis of a factorial crossing design with cacao hybrids testes in four locations in Ivory Coast. Proceedings of International Cacao Conference, 73–83. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Malaysian Cacao Board, September 25–28, 1991.
   Google Scholar
• Petithuguenin, P. 1995. Regeneration of cacao cropping systems: The Ivorian and Togolese experience. In Cocoa Cycles: The Economics of Cocoa Supply, ed. F. Ruf, and P. S. Siswoputranto, 89–90, UK: Wood head Publishing Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Singh, M., S. Ceccarelli, and J. Hamblin. 1993. Estimation of heritability from varietal trials data. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 86:437–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, R. K., and B. D. Chaudhary. 1999. Biometrical methods in quantitative genetic analysis. New Delhi: Kalyani Publishers.
   Google Scholar