References
- Adams, R. (2018). Teachers in UK report growing ‘vocabulary deficiency.’ The Guardian. <https://www.theguardian.com/education/2018/apr/19/teachers-in-uk-report-growing-vocabulary-deficiency>
- Aggarwal, U. (2016). The ideological architecture of whiteness as property in educational policy. Educational Policy, 30(1), 128–152. https://doi.org/10.1177/0895904815616486
- Ashford, K. (2015). How can we increase a child’s vocabulary? https://tabularasaeducation.wordpress.com/2015/04/03/vocab/
- Avineri, N., Johnson, E., Brice-Heath, S., McCarty, T., Ochs, E., Kremer-Sadlik, T., Blum, S., Zentella, A. C., Rosa, J., Flores, N., Alim, H. S., & Paris, D. (2015). Invited forum: Bridging the language gap. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology, 25(1), 66–86. https://doi.org/10.1111/jola.12071
- Baugh, J. (2017). Meaning-less differences: Exposing fallacies and flaws in ‘the Word Gap’ hypothesis that conceal a dangerous ‘language trap’ for low-income American families and their children. International Multilingual Research Journal, 11(1), 39–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/19313152.2016.1258189
- Beck, I., McKeown, M., & Kucan, L. (2017). Bringing words to life: Robust vocabulary instruction. The Guildford Press.
- Bereiter, C., & Engelmann, S. (1966). Teaching disadvantaged children in the pre-school. Prentice Hall.
- Bernstein, B. (1958). Some sociological determinants of perception: An enquiry into sub-cultural differences. The British Journal of Sociology, 9(2), 159–174. https://doi.org/10.2307/587912
- Bernstein, B. (1973). Class, codes and control. Routledge and Kegan Paul.
- Blum, S. (2015). “Wordism”: Is there a teacher in the house? Journal of Linguistic Anthropology, 25(1), 74–75. https://doi.org/10.1080/19313152.2016.1258187
- Blum, S. (2017). Unseen WEIRD assumptions: The so-called language gap discourse and ideologies of language, childhood, and learning. International Multilingual Research Journal, 11(1), 23–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/19313152.2016.1258187
- Burnett, C., Merchant, G., & Neumann, M. (2020). Closing the gap? Overcoming limitations in sociomaterial accounts of early literacy. Journal of Early Childhood Literacy, 20(1), 111–113. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468798419896067
- Busby, E. (2018). Children starting school unable to speak or read is a scandal, minister says. The Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/education-news/damian-hinds-preschool-children-social-mobility-parents-literacy-word-gap-a8470346.html
- Charity Hudley, A., Mallinson, C., & Bucholtz, M. (2020). Toward racial justice in linguistics: Interdisciplinary insights into theorizing race in the discipline and diversifying the profession. Language, 96(4), 200–235. https://doi.org/10.1353/lan.2020.0074
- Civinini, C. (2020). School closures will widen ‘word gap,’ warn teachers. Times Educational Supplement. <https://www.tes.com/news/coronavirus-school-closures-will-widen-word-gap-say-teachers>
- Clegg, N. (2010). Putting a premium on fairness. UK Government. https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/deputy-pms-speech-putting-a-premium-on-fairness
- Cunningham, A., & Stanovich, K. (1997). Early reading acquisition and its relation to reading experience and ability 10 years later. Developmental Psychology, 33(6), 934–945. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.33.6.934
- Cushing, I. (2020). The policy and policing of language in schools. Language in Society, 49(3), 425–450. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404519000848
- Cushing, I., & Snell, J. (2022). The (white) ears of Ofsted: A raciolinguistic perspective on the listening practices of the schools inspectorate. Language in Society, 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404522000094
- DeBose, C. (2005). The sociology of African American Language: A language planning perspective. Palgrave.
- Deutsch, M. (1967). The disadvantaged child and the learning process. Basic Books.
- DfE. (2013). The national curriculum in England: Framework document. DfE.
- DfE. (2022). The reading framework: Teaching the foundations of literacy. DfE.
- DfE. (2017). Unlocking Talent, Fulfilling Potential: A Plan for Improving Social Mobility Through Education. DfE.
- DfE & Hinds, D. (2018). Multi-million fund to boost children's early language skills. UK Government. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/multi-million-fund-to-boost-childrens-early-language-skillss.
- Eyre, C. (2018). Word gap stifles pupils’ progress, warns OUP. The Bookseller. <https://www.thebookseller.com/news/increasing-word-gap-stifles-pupils-progress-warns-oup-770971>
- Farah, W. (2022, February). Speech and language therapy done right is social justice work. Talk Delivered at University of Reading, 1(February), 2022.
- Figueroa, M. (under review). Language development, linguistic input, and linguistic racism. WIREs Cognitive Science.
- Flores, N & Rosa, J. (2015). Undoing appropriateness: Raciolinguistic ideologies and language diversity in education. Harvard educational review, 85, 149–171.
- Flores, N. (2020). From academic language to language architecture: Challenging raciolinguistic ideologies in research and practice. Theory Into Practice, 59(1), 22–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/00405841.2019.1665411
- Flores, N. (2021). Raciolinguistic genealogy as method in the sociology of language. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, (267–268), 111–115. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijsl-2020-0102
- Garćia, O., & Otheguy, R. (2017). Interrogating the language gap of young bilingual and didialectal students. International Multilingual Research Journal, 11(1), 52–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/19313152.2016.1258190
- Gibb, N. (2016). The importance of storytelling. UK Government. https://www.nickgibb.org.uk/news/importance-storytelling
- Gilkerson, J., Richards, J., Warren, S., Montgomery, J., Greenwood, C., Kimbrough Oller, D., Hansen, J., & Paul, T. (2017). Mapping the early language environment using all-day recordings and automated analysis. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 26(2), 248–265. https://doi.org/10.1044/2016_AJSLP-15-0169
- Gilkerson, J., Richards, J., Warren, S., Kimbrough Oller, D., Russo, R., & Vohr, B. (2018). Language experience in the second year of life and language outcomes in late childhood. Pediatrics, 142(4), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2017-4276
- Gillborn, D. (2005). Education policy as an act of white supremacy: Whiteness, critical race theory and education reform. Journal of Education Policy, 20(4), 485–505. https://doi.org/10.1080/02680930500132346
- Gilmour, R. (2006). Grammars of colonialism: Representing languages in colonial South Africa. Palgrave.
- Greening, J. (2017). Our ambition is to leave no community behind. UK Government. https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/justine-greening-our-ambition-is-to-leave-no-community-behind
- Gross, J. (2008). Getting in early: Primary schools and early intervention. The Smith Institute and the Centre for Social Justice.
- Gross, J. (2013). Time to talk: Implementing outstanding practice in speech, language and communication. Routledge.
- Hansard, H. C. (2012a). Vol. 546 col 596. UK Parliament. June 2012.
- Hansard, H. C. (2012b). Vol. 552 col 6. UK Parliament. October 2012.
- Harley, J. (2018). Foreword. In Why closing the word gap matters: Oxford language report. Oxford University Press, p. 2.
- Hart, B., & Risley, T. (1995). Meaningful differences in the everyday experience of young American children. Brookes Publishing.
- Henner, J., & Robinson, O. (2021). Unsettling languages, unruly bodyminds: Imaging a crip linguistics. <https://psyarxiv.com/7bzaw>
- Hirsch, E. D. (2013). A wealth of words. City Journal. Available at: https://www.city-journal.org/html/wealth-words-13523.html
- HM Government & National Literacy Trust. (2018). Improving the home learning environment: A behaviour change approach. DfE.
- Hogenboom, M. (2019). Why the way we talk to children really matters. BBC Online. Available at: https://<https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20191001-the-word-gap-that-affects-how-your-babys-brain-grows>
- Horowitz, R & Samuels, S. (eds). (2017). The Achievement Gap in Reading: Complex Causes, Persistent Issues, Possible Solutions. Routledge.
- Huttenlocher, J., Waterfall, H., Vasilyeva, M., Vevea, J., & Hedges, L. (2010). Sources of variability in children’s language growth. Cognitive Psychology, 61(4), 343–365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogpsych.2010.08.002
- Jensen, A. (1969). How much can we boost IQ and scholastic achievement? Harvard Educational Review, 39(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.17763/haer.39.1.l3u15956627424k7
- Jensen, A. (1972). Genetics and education. Harper & Row.
- Johns, L. (2011). Ghetto grammar robs the young of a proper voice. <https://www.standard.co.uk/hp/front/ghetto-grammar-robs-the-young-of-a-proper-voice-6433284.html>
- Johnson, D. (2015). Debunking the language gap. Journal for Multicultural Education, 9(1), 42–50. https://doi.org/10.1108/JME-12-2014-0044
- Johnson, E., Avineri, N., & Johnson, D. (2017). Exposing gaps in/between discourses of linguistic deficits. International Multilingual Research Journal, 11(1), 5–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/19313152.2016.1258185
- Johnson, D., & Johnson, E. (2021). The language gap: Normalizing deficit ideologies. Routledge.
- Joseph-Salisbury, R. (2020). Race and Racism in English secondary schools. Runnymede Trust.
- Labov, W. (1970). The logic of nonstandard English. In F. Williams (Ed.), Language and poverty: Perspectives on a theme (pp. 153–189). Academic Press.
- Ladson-Billings, G. (2017). “Makes me wanna holler”: Refuting the “Culture of Poverty” discourse in urban schooling. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 673(1), 80–90. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716217718793
- Law, J., Rush, R., Schoon, I., & Parsons, S. (2009). Modeling developmental language difficulties from school entry into adulthood: Literacy, mental health, and employment outcomes. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 52(6), 1401–1416. https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2009/08-0142)
- Marchman, V., & Fernald, A. (2008). Speed of word recognition and vocabulary knowledge in infancy predict cognitive and language outcomes in later childhood. Developmental Science, 11(3), 9–16. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2008.00671.x
- Nightingale, P. (2020). ‘As if by osmosis’: How Ofsted’s new deficit model emerged, fully formed, as cultural capital. Power & Education, 12(3), 233–245. https://doi.org/10.1177/1757743820961417
- Ofsted. (2019). Core content framework. Ofsted.
- Ofsted. (2017). Bold beginnings: The reception curriculum in a sample of good and outstanding primary schools. Ofsted.
- Ofsted. (2018). Social justice. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GhfkCzzHzPg>
- Ofsted. (2019a). School inspection update. Ofsted.
- Ofsted. (2019b). Education inspection framework: Overview of research. Ofsted.
- Ofsted. (2019c). Star teachers SCITT ITE partnership: Inspection report. Ofsted.
- Ofsted. (2019d). ITT core content framework. Ofsted.
- Ofsted. (2021a). School inspection handbook. Ofsted.
- Ofsted. (2021b). Early years inspection handbook. Ofsted.
- Ofsted. (2022). Ofsted. <https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/curriculum-research-review-series-english/curriculum-research-review-series-english>
- Onwuegbuzie, A. J., & Daley, C. E. (2001). Racial differences in IQ revisited: A synthesis of nearly a century of research. Journal of Black Psychology, 27(2), 209–220. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798401027002004
- Oxford University Press. (2018a). Why closing the word gap matters: Oxford language report. OUP.
- Oxford University Press. (2018b) . Oxford language thought leadership: Final report. OUP.
- Oxford University Press. (2020). Bridging the word gap at transition. OUP.
- Oxford University Press. (2021). Become a word gap partner school. <https://oupform.edcowebsites.co.uk/secondary/register-as-a-word-gap-partner-school-and-access-your-free-secondary-toolkit/?step=form®ion=uk>
- Preston, J. (2007). Whiteness and class in education. Springer.
- Public Health England. (2020) . Early language identification measure and intervention (Public Health England).
- Quigley, A. (2018). Closing the vocabulary gap. Routledge.
- Riessman, F. (1962). The culturally deprived child. Harper & Bros.
- Rosa, J. (2016). Standardization, racialization, languagelessness: Raciolinguistic ideologies across communicative contexts. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology, 26(2), 162–183. https://doi.org/10.1111/jola.12116
- Rosa, J., & Flores, N. (2017). Unsettling race and language: Toward a raciolinguistic perspective. Language in Society, 46(5), 621–647. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404517000562
- Rosa, J., & Flores, N. (2020). Reimagining race and language: From raciolinguistic ideologies to a raciolinguistic perspective. In H. S. Alim, A. Reyes, & P. Kroskrity (Eds.), The oxford handbook of language and race (pp. 90–107). Oxford University Press.
- Rosen, H. (1974). Language and class: A critical look at the theories of Basil Bernstein. The Urban Review, 7(2), 97–114. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02223234
- Rosenshine, B. (2012) Principles of instruction: Research-based strategies that all teachers should know. American Educator, 36(1), 13–39.
- Shilliam, R. (2018). Race and the undeserving poor. Agenda.
- Shipan, C., & Volden, C. (2008). The mechanisms of policy diffusion. American Journal of Political Science, 52(4), 840–857. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2008.00346.x
- Sibieta, L., Kotecha, M., & Skipp, A. (2016). Nuffield early language intervention: Evaluation report and executive summary. Education Endowment Foundation.
- Smith, I. (2009). Race and rhetoric in the renaissance: Barbarian errors. Palgrave.
- Snell, J. (2013). Dialect, interaction and class positioning at school: From deficit to difference repertoire. Language and Education, 27(2), 110–128. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500782.2012.760584
- Sperry, D. E., Sperry, L. L., & Miller, P. J. (2019). Reexamining the verbal environments of children from different socioeconomic backgrounds. Child Development, 90(4), 1303–1318. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13072
- Spielman, A. (2018). Amanda spielman at the pre-school learning alliance annual conference. UK Government. https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/amanda-spielman-at-the-pre-school-learning-alliance-annual-conference
- Stockman, I. (2000). The new peabody picture vocabulary test-III: An illusion of unbiased assessment? Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 31(4), 340–353. https://doi.org/10.1044/0161-1461.3104.340
- Stoler, A. (1995). Race and the education of desire: Foucault’s history of sexuality and the colonial order of things. Duke University Press.
- Sullivan, A., Moulton, V., & Fitzsimons, E. (2021). The intergenerational transmission of language skill. The British Journal of Sociology, 72(2), 207–232. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-4446.12780
- TeachNELI. (2020). Session 23. <http://fdslive.oup.com/www.oup.com/oxed/primary/literacy/neli/neli_session_23.pdf?region=international>