Looking Beyond Nativity: The Relation of Age of Immigration, Length of Residence, and Birth Cohorts to the Risk of Onset of Psychiatric Disorders for Latinos

REFERENCES

• Alderete , E. , Vega , W. , Kolody , B. and Aguilar-Gaxiola , S. 2000 . Effects of time in the United States and Indian ethnicity on DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders among Mexican Americans in California. . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disorders , 188 : 90 – 100 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alegría , M. , Canino , G. , Stinson , F. and Grant , B. 2006 . Nativity and DSM-IV psychiatric disorders among Puerto Ricans, Cuban Americans and non-Latino Whites in the United States: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 67 : 56 – 65 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alegría, M., Shrout, P., Sribney, W., Guarnaccia, P., Woo, M., Vila, D., et al. (in press). Understanding differences in past year mental health disorders for Latinos living in the US.
   Google Scholar
• Alegría , M. , Takeuchi , D. , Canino , G. , Duan , N. , Shrout , P. and Meng , X.-L. 2004 . Considering context, place and culture: The National Latino and Asian American Study. . International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research , 13 : 208 – 220 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. 1994 . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders , 4th ed. Washington, DC : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Anderson , M. and Fienberg , S. E. 1999 . Who counts?: The politics of census-taking in contemporary America. , New York : Russell Sage Foundation .
   Google Scholar
• Angel , J. and Angel , R. 1992 . Age at migration, social connections, and well-being among elderly Hispanics. . Journal of Aging and Health , 4 : 480 – 499 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Angel , R. , Angel , J. , Geum-Yong , L. and Markides , K. 1999 . Age at migration and family dependency among older Mexican immigrants recent evidence from the Mexican American EPESE. . The Gerontologist , 39 : 59 – 65 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beauvais , F. 1998 . Cultural identification and substance use in North America: An annotated bibliography. . Substance Use & Misuse , 33 : 1315 – 1336 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berry , J. 1998 . “ Acculturative stress. ” . In Readings in ethnic psychology , Edited by: Organista , P. , Chun , K. and Marýn , G. 117 – 122 . New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Binder , D. A. 1992 . Fitting Cox's proportional hazards models from survey data. . Biometrika , 79 : 139 – 147 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borland , D. 1982 . A cohort analysis approach to the empty-nest syndrome among three ethnic groups of women: A theoretical position. . Journal of Marriage and the Family , 44 : 117 – 129 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bremer , T. and Ragan , P. The effect of the empty-nest on the morale of Mexican American and White women. Paper presented at the meeting of the Gerontological Society . San Francisco.
   Google Scholar
• Burnam , M. A. , Hough , R. , Karno , M. , Escobar , J. and Telles , C. 1987 . Acculturation and lifetime prevalence of psychiatric disorders among Mexican Americans in Los Angeles. . Journal of Health and Social Behavior , 28 : 89 – 102 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canino , G. 2004 . Are somatic symptoms and related distress more prevalent in Hispanic/Latino youth? Some methodological considerations. . Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology , 33 : 272 – 275 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capps , R. , Fix , M. , Ost , J. , Reardon-Anderson , J. and Passel , J. 2004 . The health and well-being of young children of immigrants. , Washington, DC : The Urban Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Castro , R. , Peek-Asa , C. , Garcia , L. , Ruiz , A. and Kraus , J. 2003 . Risks for abuse against pregnant Hispanic women. . American Journal of Preventative Medicine , 25 : 325 – 332 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diversi , M. and Mecham , C. 2005 . Latino(a) students and Caucasian mentors in a rural after-school program: Towards empowering adult-youth relationships. . Journal of Community Psychology , 33 : 21 – 40 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elder , J. , Broyles , S. , Brennan , J. , Zuniga de , Nuncio , M. and Nader , P. 2005 . Acculturation, parent-child acculturation differential, and chronic disease risk factors in Mexican-American population. . Journal of Immigrant Health , 7 : 1 – 9 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Erickson , E. 1968 . Identity youth and crisis. , New York : Norton .
   Google Scholar
• Escobar , J. 1998 . Immigration and mental health: Why are immigrants better off? . Archives of General Psychiatry , 55 : 781 – 782 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finch , B. K. and Vega , W. A. 2003 . Acculturation stress, social support, and self-rated health among Latinos in California. . Journal of Immigrant Health , 5 : 109 – 117 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• First , M. B. , Spitzer , R. L. , Gibbon , M. and Williams , J. B.W . 1998 . “ Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders, Patient Edition (SCID-I/P, Version 2.0, 9/98 revision). ” . New York : Biometrics Research Department, New York State Research Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Foner , N. 1997 . The immigrant family: Cultural legacies and cultural changes. . International Migrant Review , 31 : 961 – 974 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia , L. , Hurwitz , E. and Kraus , J. 2005 . Acculturation and reported intimate partner violence among Latinas in Los Angeles. . Journal of Interpersonal Violence , 20 : 569 – 590 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gfroerer , J. and Tan , L. 2003 . Substance use among foreign-born youths in the United States: Does the length of residence matter? . American Journal of Public Health , 93 : 1892 – 1895 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giuffra , L. and Risch , N. 1994 . Diminished recall and the cohort effect of major depression: A simulated study. . Psychological Medicine , 24 : 375 – 383 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golding , J. 1999 . Intimate partner violence as a risk factor for mental disorders: A meta-analysis. . Journal of Family Violence , 14 : 99 – 132 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant , B. F. 1996 . Prevalence and correlates of drug use and DSM-IV drug dependence in the United States: Results of the National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey. . Journal of Substance Abuse , 8 : 195 – 210 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harker , K. 2001 . Immigrant generation, assimilation, and adolescent psychological well-being. . Social Forces , 79 : 969 – 1004 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasin , D. and Link , B. 1988 . Age and recognition of depression: Implications for a cohort effect in major depression. . Psychological Medicine , 18 : 683 – 688 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heeringa , S. , Wagner , J. , Torres , M. , Duan , N. , Adams , T. and Berglund , P. 2004 . Sample designs and sampling methods for the Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiology Studies (CPES). . International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research , 13 : 221 – 240 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herman , M. 2004 . Forced to choose: Some determinants of racial identification in multiracial adolescents. . Child Development , 75 : 730 – 748 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holdcraft , L. and Iacono , W. 2003 . Cross-generational effects on gender differences in psychoactive drug abuse and dependence. . Drug and Alcohol Dependence , 74 : 147 – 158 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunt , L. M. , Schneider , S. and Comer , B. 2004 . Should “acculturation” be a variable in health research? A critical review of research on US Hispanics. . Social Science & Medicine , 59 : 973 – 986 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joyce , P. , Oakley-Browne , M. , Wells , J. , Bushnell , J. and Hornblow , A. 1990 . Birth cohort trends in major depression: Increasing rates and earlier onset in New Zealand. . Journal of Affective Disorders , 18 : 83 – 89 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan , M. and Marks , G. 1990 . Adverse effects of acculturation: Psychological distress among Mexican American young adults. . Social Science & Medicine , 31 : 1313 – 1319 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasen , S. , Cohen , P. , Chen , H. and Castille , D. 2003 . Depression in adult women: Age changes and cohort effects. . American Journal of Public Health , 93 : 2061 – 2066 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler , R. C. , Berglund , P. A. , Demler , O. , Jin , R. and Walters , E. E. 2005 . Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Study Replication. . Archives of General Psychiatry , 62 : 593 – 602 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler , R. C. and Ustun , T. B. 2004 . The World Mental Health (WMH) survey initiative version of the World Health Organization (WHO) Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). . International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research , 13 : 93 – 121 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler , R. C. and Walters , E. 1998 . Epidemiology of DSM-III-R major depression and minor depression among adolescents and young adults in the National Comorbidity Survey. . Depression and Anxiety , 7 : 3 – 14 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Korn , E. and Graubard , B. 1990 . Simultaneous testing of regression coefficients with complex survey data: Use of Bonferroni t statistics. . American Statistician , 44 : 270 – 276 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewinsohn , P. , Rohde , P. , Seeley , J. and Fischer , S. 1993 . Age-cohort changes in the lifetime occurrence of depression and other mental disorders. . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 102 : 110 – 120 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin , D. Y. 2000 . On fitting Cox's proportional hazards models to survey data. . Biometrika , 87 : 37 – 47 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin , D. Y. and Wei , L. J. 1989 . The robust inference for the Cox proportional hazards model. . Journal of the American Statistical Association , 84 : 1074 – 1078 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Little , R. J. A. and Rubin , D. B. 2002 . Statistical analysis with missing data , (2nd ed.) New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Louie , J. 2003 . Media in the lives of immigrant youth. . New Directions for Youth Development , 100 : 111 – 130 .
   Google Scholar
• Margolis , M. L. 1995 . Brazilians and the 1990 United States Census: Immigrants, ethnicity, and the undercount. . Human Organization , 54 : 52 – 59 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marin , G. and Vanoss-Marin , B. 1991 . Research with Hispanic populations—Applied social research methods series , (Vol. 23) Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Maton , K. I. 1993 . A bridge between cultures: Linked ethnographic-empirical methodology for culture anchored research. . American Journal of Community Psychology , 21 : 747 – 774 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mezzich , J. E. , Jorge , M. R. and Salloum , I. M. 1994 . Psychiatric epidemiology: Assessment concepts and methods. , Baltimore, MD : Johns Hopkins University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mills , T. and Henretta , J. 2001 . Racial, ethnic, and sociodemographic differences in the level of psychosocial distress among older Americans. . Research on Aging , 23 : 131 – 152 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ortega , A. N. and Alegría , M. 2002 . Self-reliance, mental health need, and the use of mental healthcare among island Puerto Ricans. . Mental Health Services Research , 4 : 131 – 140 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ortega , A. , Rosenheck , R. , Alegría , M. and Desai , R. 2000 . Acculturation and the lifetime risk of psychiatric and substance use disorders among Hispanics. . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disorders , 188 : 728 – 735 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ortiz , V. and Arce , C. H. 1984 . Language orientation and mental health status among persons of Mexican descent. . Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences , 6 : 127 – 143 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pennell , B. E. , Bowers , A. , Carr , D. , Chardoul , S. , Cheung , G. and Dinkelmann , K. 2004 . The development and implementation of the National Comorbidity Survey Replication, the National Survey of American Life, and the National Latino and Asian American Survey. . International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research , 13 : 241 – 269 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pina , A. A. and Silverman , W. K. 2004 . Clinical phenomenology, somatic symptoms, and distress in Hispanic/Latino and Euro-American youths with anxiety disorders. . Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology , 33 : 227 – 236 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Portes , A. and Rumbaut , R. 2001 . Legacies: The story of the immigrant second-generation. , Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rao , J. N. K. and Scott , A. J. 1984 . On chi-squared tests for multiway contingency tables with cell proportions estimated from survey data. . Annals of Statistics , 12 : 46 – 60 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao , J. N. K. and Thomas , D. R. 1989 . “ Chi-squared tests for contingency tables. ” . In Analysis of complex surveys , Edited by: Skinner , C. J. , Holt , D. and Smith , T. M. F. 89 – 114 . New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Rogler , L. H. , Cortes , D. E. and Malgady , R. G. 1991 . Acculturation and mental health status among Hispanics: Convergence and new directions in research. . American Psychologist , 46 : 584 – 597 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romito , P. , Turan , J. and De Marchi , M. 2005 . The impace of current and past interpersonal violence on women's mental health. . Social Science & Medicine , 60 : 1717 – 1727 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Royston , P. and Altman , D. 2004 . Regression using fractional polynomials of continuous covariates: Parsimonious parametric modelling. . Applied Statistics , 43 : 429 – 467 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoenfeld , D. 1982 . Partial residuals for the proportional hazards regression model. . Biometrika , 69 : 239 – 241 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon , G. and VonKorff , M. 1992 . Reevaluation of secular trends in depression rates. . American Journal of Epidemiology , 135 : 1411 – 1422 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon , G. and VonKorff , M. 1995 . Recall of psychiatric history in cross-sectional surveys: Implications for epidemiologic research. . Epidemiologic Review , 17 : 221 – 227 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh , G. K. and Siahpush , M. 2001 . All-cause and cause-specific mortality of immigrants and native born in the United States. . American Journal of Public Health , 91 : 392 – 400 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• StataCorp. (2004). Stata statistical software (Release 8.2) [Computer software]. College Station, TX: Stata Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• Suarez-Orozco , C. and Todorova , I. 2003 . The social worlds of immigrant youth. . New Directions for Youth Development , 100 : 15 – 24 .
   Google Scholar
• Tausig , M. , Subedi , S. and Broughton , C. L. 2003 . Measuring community mental health in developing societies: Evaluation of a checklist format in Nepal. . International Journal of Social Psychiatry , 49 : 269 – 286 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torres , S. 1991 . A comparison of wife abuse between two cultures: Perceptions, attitudes, nature, and extent. . Issues in Mental Health Nursing , 12 : 113 – 131 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Turner , R. and Gil , A. 2002 . Psychiatric and substance use disorders in South Florida: Racial/ethnic and gender contrasts in a young adult cohort. . Archives of General Psychiatry , 59 : 43 – 50 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner , R. and Lloyd , D. 2003 . Lifetimes cumulative adversities and drug dependence: Racial/ethnic contrasts. . Addiction , 98 : 305 – 315 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner , R. and Lloyd , D. 2004 . Stress burden and the lifetime incidence of psychiatric disorder in young adults: Racial and ethnic contrasts. . Archives of General Psychiatry , 61 : 481 – 488 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United States General Accounting Office. 1998 . Decennial census: Overview of historical census issues , Washington, DC : Author . (Rep. No. GAO/GGD-98-103).
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Census Bureau. (2000). Population profile of the United States: 2000. Retrieved November 22, 2002, from www.census.gov/population/pop-profile/2000/chap09.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Varela , E. R. , Vernberg , E. M. , Sanchez-Sosa , J. J. , Riveras , A. , Mitchell , M. and Mashunkashey , J. 2004 . Anxiety reporting and culturally associated interpretation biases and cognitive schemas: A comparison of Mexican, Mexican American, and European families. . Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology , 33 : 237 – 247 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vega , W. A. , Aguilar-Gaxiola , S. , Andrade , L. , Bijl , R. , Borges , G. and Caraveo-Anduaga , J. J. 2002 . Prevalence and age of onset for drug use in seven international sites: Results from the international consortium of psychiatric epidemiology. . Drug and Alcohol Dependence , 68 : 285 – 297 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vega , W. A. , Alderete , E. , Kolody , B. and Aguilar-Gaxiola , S. 1998 . Illicit drug use among Mexicans and Mexican Americans in California: The effects of gender and acculturation. . Addiction , 93 : 1839 – 1850 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vega , W. A. and Gil , A. 1998 . Drug use and ethnicity in early adolescence. , New York : Plenum .
   Google Scholar
• Vega , W. A. , Kolody , B. , Aguilar-Gaxiola , S. , Alderte , E. , Catalano , R. and Caraveo-Anduaga , H. 1998 . Lifetime prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders among urban and rural Mexican Americans in California. . Archives of General Psychiatry , 55 : 771 – 778 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vega , W. A. , Sribney , W. , Aguilar-Gaxiola , S. and Kolody , B. 2004 . 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders among Mexican Americans: Nativity, social assimilation, and age determinants. . The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 192 : 532 – 541 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Velleman , P. 1980 . Definition and comparison of robust nonlinear data smoothing algorithms. . Journal of the American Statistical Association , 75 : 609 – 615 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warheit , G. , Vega , W. , Khoury , E. and Gil , A. 1996 . A comparative analysis of cigarette, alcohol, and illicit drug use among an ethnically diverse sample of Hispanic, African American, and non-Hispanic White adolescents. . Journal of Drug Issues , 26 : 901 – 922 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warner , L. , Kessler , R. , Hughes , M. , Anthony , J. C. and Nelson , C. 1995 . Prevalence and correlates of drug use and dependence in the United States. . Archives of General Psychiatry , 52 : 219 – 229 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weissman , M. , Leaf , P. , Holzer , C. , Myers , K. and Tischler , G. 1984 . The epidemiology of depression: An update on sex differences in rates. . Journal of Affective Disorders , 7 : 179 – 188 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wittchen , H. 1994 . Reliability and validity studies of the WHO-Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI): A critical review. . Psychiatry Research , 28 : 57 – 84 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou , M. 1997 . Growing up American: The challenge confronting immigrant children and children of immigrants. . Annual Review of Sociology , 23 : 63 – 95 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar