On Becoming Cultural Beings: A Focus on Race, Gender, and Language

References

• Allport, G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Cambridge/Reading,MA: AddisonWesley.
   Google Scholar
• Bellini, S., Pereda, V., Cordero, N., & Suarez-Morales, L. (2016). Developing multicultural awareness in preschool children: A pilot intervention. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 4(07), 182–189.
   Google Scholar
• Bem, S. L. (1981). Gender schema theory: A cognitive account of sex typing. Psychological review, 88(4), 354.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bigler, R. S., & Liben, L. S. (1992). Cognitive mechanisms in children’s gender stereotyping: Theoretical and educational implications of a cognitive‐based intervention. Child Development, 63(6), 1351–1363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bigler, R. S., & Liben, L. S. (2006). A developmental intergroup theory of social stereotypes and prejudice. In R. V. Kail (Ed.), Advances in child development and behavior (Vol. 34, pp. 39–89). San Diego: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Byers-Heinlein, K., & Fennell, C. T. (2013). Perceptual narrowing in the context of increased variation: Insights from bilingual infants. Developmental Psychobiology, 56(2), 274–291. doi:10.1002/dev.21167
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bigler, R. S., & Liben, L. S. (2006). A developmental intergroup theory of social stereotypes and prejudice. In Advances in child development and behavior, (34), 39–89).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coyne, S. M., Linder, J. R., Rasmussen, E. E., Nelson, D. A., & Birkbeck, V. (2016). Pretty as a princess: Longitudinal effects of engagement with Disney princesses on gender stereotypes, body esteem, and prosocial behavior in children. Child Development, 87(6), 1909–1925.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Jong, E., & Howard, E. (2009). Integration in two-way immersion education: Equalizing linguistic benefits for all students. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 12(1), 81–99.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eccles, J. S., Jacobs, J. E., & Harold, R. D. (1990). Gender role stereotypes, expectancy effects, and parents’ socialization of gender differences. Journal of Social Issues, 46(2), 183–201.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elsabbagh, M., Hohenberger, A., Campos, R., Herwegen, J. V., Serres, J., Schonen, S. D., & Karmiloff-Smith, A. (2013). Narrowing perceptual sensitivity to the native language in infancy: Exogenous influences on developmental timing. Behavioral Sciences, 3(1), 120–132. doi:10.3390/bs3010120
   Google Scholar
• Endendijk, J. J., Groeneveld, M. G., Van Berkel, S. R., Hallers-Haalboom, E. T., Mesman, J., & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. (2013). Gender stereotypes in the family context: Mothers, fathers, and siblings. Sex Roles, 68(9–10), 577–590.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fagot, B. I., Leinbach, M. D., & Hagan, R. (1986). Gender labeling and the adoption of sex-typed behaviors. Developmental Psychology, 22(4), 440.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fausto-Sterling, A. (2000). Sexing the body: Gender politics and the construction of sexuality. Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Fausto-Sterling, A. (2012). The dynamic development of gender variability. Journal of Homosexuality, 59(3), 398–421.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fausto-Sterling, A., Coll, C. G., & Lamarre, M. (2012). Sexing the baby: Part 2 applying dynamic systems theory to the emergences of sex-related differences in infants and toddlers. Social Science & Medicine, 74(11), 1693–1702.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feagin, J. R., & Van Ausdale, D. (2001). The first R: How children learn race and racism. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Gaias, L. M., Gal, D. E., Abry, T., Taylor, M., & Granger, K. L. (2018). Diversity exposure in preschool: Longitudinal implications for cross-race friendships and racial bias. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2018.02.005
   Google Scholar
• Gaither, S. E., Pauker, K., & Johnson, S. P. (2012). Biracial and monoracial infant own‐race face perception: An eye tracking study. Developmental Science, 15(6), 775–782.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gender. (n. d.). Retrieved October 18, 2017, from http://www.who.int/gender-equity-rights/understanding/gender-definition/en/
   Google Scholar
• Genesee, F., & Gándara, P. (1999). Bilingual education programs: A cross‐national perspective. Journal of Social Issues, 55(4), 665–685.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helms, J. E., Jernigan, M., & Mascher, J. (2005). The meaning of race in psychology and how to change it: A methodological perspective. American Psychologist, 60(1), 27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herskovits, M. J. (1949). Man and his works; the science of cultural anthropology. Oxford, England: Alfred A. Knopf.
   Google Scholar
• Hilliard, L. J., & Liben, L. S. (2010). Differing levels of gender salience in preschool classrooms: Effects on children’s gender attitudes and intergroup bias. Child Development, 81(6), 1787–1798.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qian, M. K., Heyman, G. D., Quinn, P. C., Messi, F. A., Fu, G., & Lee, K. (2016). Implicit racial biases in preschool children and adults from Asia and Africa. Child development, 87(1), 285–296.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, B. S., & Abreu, J. M. (2001). Acculturation measurement. Handbook of Multicultural Counseling, 2, 394–424.
   Google Scholar
• Kitamura, C., Panneton, R., & Best, C. T. (2013). The development of language constancy: Attention to native versus nonnative accents. Child Development, 84(5), 1686–1700. doi:10.1111/cdev.12068. New York City, NY.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krentz, U. C., & Corina, D. P. (2008). Preference for language in early infancy: The human language bias is not speech specific. Developmental Science, 11(1), 1–9. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2007.00652.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambert, W. E., Hodgson, R. C., Gardner, R. C., & Fillenbaum, S. (1960). Evaluational reactions to spoken languages. Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology, 60(1), 44–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Logan, J. R., & Stults, B. (2011). The persistence of segregation in the metropolis: New findings from the 2010 census. Census brief prepared for Project US2010. Retreived from https://s4.ad.brown.edu/Projects/Diversity/Data/Report/report2.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Kelly, D. J., Quinn, P. C., Slater, A. M., Lee, K., Ge, L., & Pascalis, O. (2007). The other-race effect develops during infancy: Evidence of perceptual narrowing. Psychological Science, 18(12), 1084–1089.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahn, H. (2012). Vygotsky’s analysis of children’s meaning making processes. International Journal of Educational Psychology, 1(2), 100–126.
   Google Scholar
• Mampe, B., Friederici, A., Christophe, A., & Wermke, K. (2009). Newborns’ cry melody is shaped by their native language. Current Biology, 19, 1994–1997. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2009.09.064
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehler, J., Jusczyk, P., Lambertz, G., Halsted, N., Bertoncini, J., & Amiel-Tison, C. (1988). A precursor of language acquisition in young infants. Cognition, 29, 143–178. doi:10.1016/0010-0277(88)90035-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, P. J., & Mangelsdorf, S. C. (2005). Developing selves are meaning‐making selves: Recouping the social in self‐development. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 2005(109), 51–59.
   Google Scholar
• Molnar, M., Gervain, J., & Carreiras, M. (2013). Within-rhythm class native language discrimination abilities of basque-spanish monolingual and bilingual infants at 3.5 months of age. Infancy, 19(3), 326–337. doi:10.1111/infa.12041
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulvey, K. L., Miller, B., & Rizzardi, V. (2017). Gender and engineering aptitude: Is the color of science, technology, engineering, and math materials related to children’s performance? Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 160, 119–126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mürner-Lavanchy, I., Steinlin, M., Kiefer, C., Weisstanner, C., Ritter, B. C., Perrig, W., & Everts, R. (2014). Delayed development of neural language organization in very preterm born children. Developmental Neuropsychology, 39(7), 529–542. doi:10.1080/87565641.2014.959173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Center on Parent Family and Community Engagement. (n.d.). Healthy Gender Development and Young Children. Retrieved from https://eclkc.ohs.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/healthy-gender-development.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Palmer, S. B., Fais, L., Golinkoff, R. M., & Werker, J. F. (2012). Perceptual narrowing of linguistic sign occurs in the first year of life. Child Development, 83, 543–553. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.201101715.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pascalis, O., Loevenbruck, H., Quinn, P. C., Kandel, S., Tanaka, J. W., & Lee, K. (2014). On the links among face processing, language processing, and narrowing during development. Child Development Perspectives, 8(2), 65–70. doi:10.1111/cdep.12064
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettigrew, T. F. (1998). Intergroup contact theory. Annual Review of Psychology, 49(1), 65–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pons, F., Lewkowicz, D. J., Soto-Faraco, S., & Sebastian-Galles, N. (2009). Narrowing of intersensory speech perception in infancy. PNAS, 106(26), 10598–10602.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott, L. S., Pascalis, O., & Nelson, C. A. (2007). A domain-general theory of the development of perceptual discrimination. Current directions in psychological science, 16(4), 197–201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott, L. S., & Monesson, A. (2009). The origin of biases in face perception. Psychological Science, 20(6), 676–680.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Todd, B. K., Barry, J. A., and Thommessen, S. A. O. (2017) Preferences for ‘Gender‐typed’ Toys in Boys and Girls Aged 9 to 32 Months. Inf Child Dev, 26: e1986. doi: 10.1002/icd.1986.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vygotsky, L. S. (1987). The collected works of LS Vygotsky: Volume 1: Problems of general psychology, including the volume thinking and speech (Vol. 1). Springer Science & Business Media, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Wade, P. (2010). The Meaning of 'Race' and 'Ethnicity.' Race and ethnicity in Latin America. (pp. 4–23) London, UK: Pluto press.
   Google Scholar
• Werker, J. F., & Tees, R. C. (1999). Influences on infant speech processing: Toward a new synthesis. Annual Review of Psychology, 50(1), 509–535. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.50.1.509
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Whiting, B. B. (1980). Culture and social behavior: A model for the development of social behavior. Ethos, 8(2), 95–116. doi:10.1525/eth.1980.8.2.02a00010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Atlas. (2017). 30 Countries hosting the most immigrants. Retrieved from http://www.worldatlas.com/articles/highest-immigrant-population-in-the-world.html
   Google Scholar
• Xiao, N. G., Quinn, P. C., Liu, S., Ge, L., Pascalis, O., & Lee, K. (2017). Older but not younger infants associate own-race faces with happy music and other-race faces with sad music. Developmental Science.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiao, W. S., Fu, G., Quinn, P. C., Qin, J., Tanaka, J. W., Pascalis, O., & Lee, K. (2014). Individuation training with other-race faces reduces preschoolers’ implicit racial bias: A link between perceptual and social representation of faces in children. Developmental Science. doi:10.1111/desc.12241
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zosuls, K. M., Ruble, D. N., & Tamis-LeMonda, C. S. (2014). Self-socialization of gender in African American, dominican immigrant, and Mexican immigrant toddlers. Child Development, 85(6), 2202–2217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar