References
- Beyens, I., Valkenburg, P. M., & Piotrowski, J. T. (2019). Developmental trajectories of parental mediation across early and middle childhood. Human Communication Research, 45(2), 226–250. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/hcr/hqy016
- Bowman, P. J., & Howard, C. (1985). Race-related socialization, motivation, and academic achievement: A study of Black youths in three-generation families. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 24(2), 134–141. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-7138(09)60438-6
- Brown, T. L., & Krishnakumar, A. (2007). Development and validation of the adolescent racial and ethnic socialization scale (ARESS) in African American families. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 36(8), 1072–1085. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-007-9197-z
- Caughy, M. O. B., O’Campo, P. J., Randolph, S. M., & Nickerson, K. (2002). The influence of racial socialization practices on the cognitive and behavioral competence of African American preschoolers. Child Development, 73(5), 1611–1625. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00493
- Dixon, T. L. (2017). A dangerous distortion of our families: Representations of families, by race, in news and opinion media. Color of Change. https://colorofchange.org/dangerousdistortion/
- Geena Davis Institute on Gender in Media. (2018). The See Jane 100: Gender and race representations in the top family films of 2017. https://seejane.org/wp-content/uploads/see-jane-100-report-2017.pdf
- Gentile, D. A., Nathanson, A. I., Rasmussen, E. E., Reimer, R. A., & Walsh, D. A. (2012). Do you see what I see? Parent and child reports of parental monitoring of media. Family Relations, 61(3), 470–487. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3729.2012.00709.x
- GLAAD Media Institute. (2021). Where we are on TV: 2020-2021. https://www.glaad.org/whereweareontv20
- Hughes, D. L., & Chen, L. (1997). When and what parents tell children about race: An examination of race-related socialization among African American families. Applied Developmental Science, 1(4), 200–214. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1207/s1532480xads0104_4
- Hughes, D. L., & Johnson, D. (2001). Correlates in children’s experiences of parents’ racial socialization behaviors. Journal of Marriage and Family, 63(4), 981–995. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2001.00981.x
- Hughes, D. L., Rodriguez, J., Smith, E. P., Johnson, D. J., Stevenson, H. C., & Spicer, P. (2006). Parents’ ethnic-racial socialization practices: A review of research and directions for future study. Developmental Psychology, 42(5), 747–770. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.42.5.747
- Hughes, D. L., Watford, J. A., & Del Toro, J. (2016). A transactional/ecological perspective on ethnic–racial identity, socialization, and discrimination. Advances in Child Development and Behavior, 51, 1–41. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.acdb.2016.05.001
- Huguley, J. P., Wang, M. T., Vasquez, A., & Guo, J. (2019). Parental ethnic-racial socialization practices and the construction of children of color’s ethnic-racial identity: A research synthesis and meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 145(5), 437–458. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000187
- Nathanson, A. I. (1999). Identifying and explaining the relationship between parental mediation and children’s aggression. Communication Research, 26(2), 124–143. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/009365099026002002
- Nikken, P., & Schols, M. (2015). How and why parents guide the media use of young children. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(11), 3423–3435. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-015-0144-4
- Phinney, J. S., & Ong, A. D. (2007). Conceptualization and measurement of ethnic identity: Current status and future directions. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 54(3), 271–281. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.54.3.271
- Priest, N., Walton, J., White, F., Kowal, E., Baker, A., & Paradies, Y. (2014). Understanding the complexities of ethnic-racial socialization processes for both minority and majority groups: A 30-year systematic review. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 43 Part B , 139–155. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2014.08.003
- Rideout, V., Lauricella, A., & Wartella, E. (2011). Children, media, and race: Media use among White, Black, Hispanic, and Asian American children. Center on Media and Human Development, School of Communication, Northwestern University. https://cmhd.northwestern.edu/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/SOCconfReportSingleFinal-1.pdf.
- Rideout, V., & Robb, M. B. (2019). The common sense census: Media use by tweens and teens. Common Sense Media. https://www.commonsensemedia.org/sites/default/files/uploads/research/2019-census-8-to-18-full-report-updated.pdf
- Rideout, V., & Robb, M. B. (2020). The common sense census: Media use by kids age zero to eight. Common Sense Media. https://www.commonsensemedia.org/sites/default/files/uploads/research/2020_zero_to_eight_census_final_web.pdf
- SLJ Staff. (2019, June 19). An updated look at diversity in children’s books School Library Journal. https://www.slj.com/?detailStory=an-updated-look-at-diversity-in-childrens-books
- Thomas, A. J., & Speight, S. L. (1999). Racial identity and racial socialization attitudes of African American parents. Journal of Black Psychology, 25(2), 152–170. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798499025002002
- Tukachinsky, R. (2017). Media portrayals and effects: African Americans. In J. F. Nussbaum (Ed.), Oxford research encyclopedia of communication (Oxford University Press). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.013.453
- United States Census Bureau. (2017). Sex by educational attainment for the population 25 years and over (Black or African American alone), American community survey [Data file]. Retrieved from https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=Educational%20Attainment%202017%20Black&tid=ACSDT1Y2017.B15002B
- Wang, M. T., & Huguley, J. P. (2012). Parental racial socialization as a moderator of the effects of racial discrimination on educational success among African American adolescents. Child Development, 83(5), 1716–1731. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01808.x
- White-Johnson, R. L., Ford, K. R., & Sellers, R. M. (2010). Parent racial socialization profiles: Association with demographic factors, racial discrimination, childhood socialization, and racial identity. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 16(2), 237–247. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016111
- Yasui, M. (2015). A review of the empirical assessment of processes in ethnic–racial socialization: Examining methodological advances and future areas of development. Developmental Review, 37, 1–40. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2015.03.001