Risk and Protective Factors among Preschool Children: Integrating Research and Practice

References

• American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.). Washington, DC: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Andershed, A-K., & Andershed, H. (2014). Improving evidence-based social work practice with conduct problem youth through structured assessment. Manuscript submitted for publication.
   Google Scholar
• Andershed, H., & Andershed, A-K. (2010). Risk-need assessment for youth with or at risk for conduct problems: Introducing the assessment system ESTER. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 377–383.
   Google Scholar
• Andrews, D. A., Bonta, J., & Wormith, J. S. (2011). The risk-need-responsivity (RNR) model. Does adding the good lives model contribute to effective crime prevention? Criminal Justice and Behavior, 38, 735–755.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Appleyard, K., Egeland, B., van Dulmen, M. H. M., & Sroufe, L. A. (2005). When more is not better: The role of cumulative risk in child behavior outcomes. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46, 235–245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arseneault, L., Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., Taylor, A., Rijsdijk, F. V., Jaffee, S. R., … Measelle, J. R. (2003). Strong genetic effects on cross-situational antisocial behaviour among 5-year-old children according to mothers, teachers, examiner-observers, and twins' self-reports. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 44, 832–848.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Augimeri, L. K., Webster, C. D., Koegl, C. J., & Levene, K. S. (1998). Early Assessment Risk List for Boys: EARL-20B. Version 1: Consultation edition. Toronto, Canada: Earlscourt Child and Family Centre.
   Google Scholar
• Bedi, G., & Goddard, C. (2007). Intimate partner violence: What are the impacts on children? Australian Psychologist, 42, 66–77.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bimmel, N., Juffer, F., van IJzendoorn, M. H., & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. (2003). Problem behavior of internationally adopted adolescents: A review and meta-analysis. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 11, 64–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bond, H., Rudenhed, M., Bergquist, E. E., Andershed, A-K., & Andershed, H. (2013). Further testing of the inter-rater reliability of ESTER-assessment—A risk-need assessment instrument for youths with or at risk for conduct problems. American Journal of Applied Psychology, 1, 1–7.
   Google Scholar
• Boylan, K., Valliancourt, T., Boyle, M., & Szatmari, P. (2007). Comorbidity of internalizing disorders in children with oppositional defiant disorder. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 16, 484–494.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brumariu, L. W., & Kerns, K. A. (2010). Parent-child attachment and internalizing symptoms in childhood and adolescence: A review of empirical findings and future directions. Development and Psychopathology, 22, 177–203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cai, X. (2004). Stability of externalizing problem behaviors with onset in early childhood: A meta-analytic review. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States.
   Google Scholar
• Cicchetti, D., & Rogosch, F. A. (1996). Equifinality and multifinality in developmental psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 8, 597–600.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Condly, J. S. (2006). Resilience in children. A review of the literature with implications for education. Urban Education, 41, 211–236.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costello, E. J., Mustillo, S., Erkanli, A., Keeler, G., & Angold, A. (2003). Prevalence and development of psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60, 837–844.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Degnan, K. A., Almas, A. N., & Fox, N. A. (2010). Temperament and the environment in the etiology of childhood anxiety. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51, 497–517.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derzon, J. H. (2010). The correspondence of family features with problem, aggressive, criminal, and violent behavior: A meta-analysis. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 6, 263–292.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eley, T. C., Lichtenstein, P., & Moffitt, T. E. (2003). A longitudinal behavioral genetic analysis of the etiology of aggressive and nonaggressive antisocial behavior. Development and Psychopathology, 15, 383–402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enebrink, P., Långström, N., Hultén, A., & Gumpert, C. H. (2006). Swedish validation of the early assessment risk list for boys (EARL 20B): A decision aid for use with children presenting with conduct-disordered behaviour. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 60, 438–446.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epkins, C. C., & Heckler, D. R. (2011). Integrating etiological models of social anxiety and depression in youth: Evidence for a cumulative interpersonal risk model. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 14, 329–376.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eriksson, I., Cater, Å., Andershed, A-K., & Andershed, H. (2011). What protects youth from externalising and internalising problems? A critical review of research findings and implications for practice. Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 21, 113–125.
   Google Scholar
• Farrington, D. P., & Welsh, B. C. (2007). Saving children from a life of crime—Early risk factors and effective interventions. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Farrington, D. P., Loeber, R., & Ttofi, M. M. (2012). Risk and protective factors for offending. In B. C. Welsh & D. P. Farrington (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of crime prevention (pp. 46–69). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gewirtz, A. H., & Edleson, J. L. (2007). Young children's exposure to intimate partner violence: Towards a developmental risk and resilience framework for research and intervention. Journal of Family Violence, 22, 151–163.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kendler, K. S., Gatz, M., Gardner, C. O., & Pedersen, N. L. (2006). A Swedish National Twin Study of Lifetime Major Depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 109–114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kertz, S. J., & Woodruff-Borden, J. (2011). The developmental psychopathology of worry. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 14, 174–197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim-Cohen, J., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., Harrington, H., Milne, B. J., & Poulton, R. (2003). Prior juvenile diagnoses in adults with mental disorder: Developmental follow-back of a prospective-longitudinal cohort. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60, 709–717.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroneman, L. M., Loeber, R., Hipwell, A. E., & Koot, H. M. (2009). Girls' disruptive behavior and its relationship to family functioning: A review. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 18, 259–273.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsson, J-O., Larsson, H., & Lichtenstein, P. (2004). Genetic and environmental contributions to stability and change of ADHD symptoms between 8 and 13 years of age: A longitudinal twin study. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 43, 1267–1275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leadbeater, B., Thompson, K., & Gruppuso, V. (2012). Co-occurring trajectories of symptoms of anxiety, depression, and oppositional defiance from adolescence to young adulthood. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 41, 719–730.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leschied, A., Chiodo, D., Nowicki, E., & Rodger, S. (2008). Childhood predictors of adult criminality: A meta-analysis drawn from the prospective longitudinal literature. Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 50, 435–467.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levene, K. S., Augimeri, L. K., Pepler, D. J., Walsh, M. M., Webster, C. D., & Koegl, C. J. (2001). Early Assessment Risk List for Girls (EARL-21G).Version 1—Consultation Edition. Toronto, Canada: Earlscourt Child and Family Centre.
   Google Scholar
• Lipsey, M. W. (2009). The primary factors that characterize effective interventions with juvenile offenders: a meta-analytic overview. Victims and Offenders, 4, 124–147.
   Google Scholar
• Luthar, S. S. (2006). Resilience in development: A synthesis of research across five decades. In D. Cicchetti & J. D. Cohen (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology (2nd ed). Volume 3, Risk, disorder, and adaptation (pp. 739–795). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Maas, C., Herrenkohl, T. I., & Sousa, C. (2008). Review of research on child maltreatment and violence in youth. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 9, 56–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masten, A. S., & Obradović, J. (2008). Disaster preparation and recovery: lessons from research on resilience in human development. Ecology and Society, 13, 9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masten, A. S., Wright, M., & O'D. (2010). Resilience over the lifespan: Developmental perspectives on resistance, recovery, and transformation. In J. W. Reich, A. J. Zautra, & J. S. Hall (Eds.), Handbook of adult resilience (pp. 213–237). New York, NY: Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Mendes, D. D., de Jesus Mari, J., Singer, M., Machado Barros, G., & Mello, A. F. (2009). Study review of the biological, social and environmental factors associated with aggressive behavior. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 31, S77–S85.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Merikangas, K. R., Nakamura, E. F., & Kessler, R. C. (2009). Epidemiology of mental disorders in children and adolescents. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 11, 7–20.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moffitt, T. E. (2003). Life-course-persistent and adolescence-limited antisocial behavior. A 10-year research review and a research agenda. In B. B. Lahey, T. E. Moffitt, & A. Caspi (Eds.), Causes of conduct disorder and juvenile delinquency (pp. 49–75). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Moffitt, T. E. (2006). Life-course-persistent versus adolescence-limited antisocial behavior. In D. Cicchetti & D. J. Cohen (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology, Vol 3: Risk, disorder, and adaptation (2nd ed.) (pp. 570–598). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., Rutter, M., & Silva, P. A. (2001). Sex differences in antisocial behavior. Conduct disorder, delinquency, and violence in the Dunedin Longitudinal Study. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Murray, J., & Farrington, D. P. (2010). Risk factors for conduct disorder and delinquency: Key findings from longitudinal studies. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 55, 633–642.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray, J., Irving, B., Farrington, D. P., Colman, I., & Bloxson, A. J. (2010). Very early predictors of conduct problems and crime: Results from a national cohort study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51, 1198–1207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Overbeek, G., Biesecker, G., Kerr, M., Stattin, H., Meeus, W., & Engels, R. C. (2006). Co-occurrence of depressive moods and delinquency in early adolescence: The role of failure expectations, manipulativeness, and social contexts. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 30, 433–443.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petitclerc, A., & Tremblay, R. E. (2009). Childhood disruptive behaviour disorders: Review of their origin, development, and prevention. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 54, 222–231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothbaum, F., & Weisz, J. R. (1994). Parental caregiving and child externalizing behavior in nonclinical samples: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 116, 55–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutter, M., Kim-Cohen, J., & Maughan, B. (2006). Continuities and discontinuities in psychopathology between childhood and adult life. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47, 276–295.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sackett, D. L., Rosenberg, W. M. C., Gray, J. A. M., Haynes, R. B., & Richardson, W. S. (1996). Evidence based medicine: what it is and what it isn't. British Medical Journal, 312, 71–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Straus, S. E., Richardson, W. S., Glaszion, P., & Haynes, R. B. (2011). Evidence-based medicine. How to practice and teach it (4th ed.). Edinburgh, UK: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone.
   Google Scholar
• Tandon, M., Cardeli, E., & Luby, J. (2009). Internalizing disorders in early childhood: A review of depressive and anxiety disorders. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 18, 593–610.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van IJzendoorn, M. H., Schuengel, C., & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. (1999). Disorganized attachment in early childhood: Meta-analysis of precursors, concomitants, and sequelae. Development and Psychopathology, 11, 225–249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanderbilt-Adrience, E., & Shaw, S. D. (2008). Conceptualizing and re-evaluating resilience across levels of risk, time and domains of competence. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 11, 30–58.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wångby, M., Bergman, L. R., & Magnusson, D. (1999). Development of adjustment problems in girls: What syndromes emerge? Child Development, 70, 678–699.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waschbusch, D. A. (2002). A meta-analytic examination of comorbid hyperactive-impulsive-attention problems and conduct problems. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 118–150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wierzbicki, M. (1993). Psychological adjustment of adoptees: A meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 22, 447–454.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zucker, R. A., Donovan, J. W., Masten, A. S., Mattson, M. E., & Moss, H. B. (2008). Early developmental processes and the continuity of risk for underage drinking and problem drinking. Pediatrics, 121, S252–S272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar