Using Biomass to Achieve European Union Energy Targets—A Review of Biomass Status, Potential, and Supporting Policies

REFERENCES

• ABS Energy Research. 2007. Biomass report http://www.absenergyresearch.com/cmsfiles/reports/Biomass-Report-2-2007.pdf (http://www.absenergyresearch.com/cmsfiles/reports/Biomass-Report-2-2007.pdf) (Accessed: October 2008 ).
   Google Scholar
• Berndes , G. and Hansson , J. 2007 . Bioenergy expansion in the EU: Cost-effective climate change mitigation, employment creation and reduced dependency on imported fuels . Energy Policy , 35 ( 12 ) : 5965 – 5979 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berndes , G. , Hoogwijk , M. and van den Broek , R. 2002 . The contribution of biomass in the future global energy supply: A review of 17 studies . Biomass and Bioenergy , 25 ( 1 ) : 1 – 28 .
   Google Scholar
• Biopact. 2007. Biofuels could end global malnourishment: Worldwatch Institute chief, August 23 http://biopact.com/2007/08/worldwatch-institute-chief-biofuels.html (http://biopact.com/2007/08/worldwatch-institute-chief-biofuels.html) (Accessed: October 2008 ).
   Google Scholar
• Blok , K. 2006 . Renewable energy policies in the European Union (guest editorial) . Energy Policy , 34 : 251 – 5 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doukas , H. , Mannsbart , W. , Patlitzianas , K. D. , Psarras , J. , Ragwitz , M. and Schlomann , B. 2007 . A methodology for validating the renewable energy data in EU . Renewable Energy , 32 ( 12 ) : 1981 – 98 .
   Google Scholar
• Education Development Center . Youth employment opportunities in renewable energy: A report . Presented at the Youth Employment Summit . September 2002 , Alexandria, Egypt.
   Google Scholar
• Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2000. “Biomass energy,” climate change technologies http://yosemite.epa.gov/oar/GlobalWarming.nsf/UniqueKeyLookup/SHSU5BNJXH/$File/biomassenergy.pdf (http://yosemite.epa.gov/oar/GlobalWarming.nsf/UniqueKeyLookup/SHSU5BNJXH/$File/biomassenergy.pdf) (Accessed: October 2008 ).
   Google Scholar
• Ericsson , K. , Huttunen , S. , Nilsson , L.J. and Svenningsson , P. 2004 . Bioenergy policy and market development in Finland and Sweden . Energy Policy , 32 ( 15 ) : 1707 – 21 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ericsson , K. and Nilsson , L.J. 2005 . Assessment of the potential biomass supply in Europe using a resource-focused approach . Biomass & Bioenergy , doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2005.09.001
   Google Scholar
• Escobar , J.C. , Electo , S.L. , Osvaldo , J.V. , Edgar , E.Y. , Edgar , F.C. and Oscar , A. 2009 . Biofuels: Environment, technology and food security . Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews , 13 ( 6–7 ) : 1275 – 1287 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EurActiv. 2007. Biomass action plan http://www.euractiv.com/en/energy/biomass-action-plan/article-155362 (http://www.euractiv.com/en/energy/biomass-action-plan/article-155362) (Accessed: October 2008 ).
   Google Scholar
• European Commission (EC) . 1997 . Energy for the future: Renewable sources of energy—white paper for a community strategy and action plan. COM (97) 599, final November 26
   Google Scholar
• European Commission (EC) . 2000 . Towards a European strategy for energy supply security—green paper. COM (2000) 769, final November 29
   Google Scholar
• European Commission (EC) . 2001 . Directive 2001/77/EC of the European parliament and of the council on the promotion of the electricity produced from renewable energy sources in the international electricity market . Official Journal of the European Communities , L 283/ September 27 : 33 – 40 .
   Google Scholar
• European Commission (EC) . 2003 . Directive 2003/30/EC of the European parliament and of the council on the promotion of the use of biofuels or other renewable fuels for transport . Official Journal of the European Communities , L123/ : 42 – 46 . May 17
   Google Scholar
• European Commission (EC) . 2004 . Directive 2004/8/EC of the European parliament and of the council on the promotion of cogeneration based on a useful heat demand in the internal energy market and amending Directive 92/42/EEC . Official Journal of the European Union , L 52/ : 50 – 60 . February 2
   Google Scholar
• European Commission (EC) . 2005a . Biomass action plan Brussels, , Belgium COM (2007) 628 final, December 12
   Google Scholar
• European Commission (EC) . 2005b . BIOMASS—green energy for Europe , Luxemburg : Office for Official Publications of the European Communities .
   Google Scholar
• European Commission (EC) . 2006 . The state and prospects of European energy research comparison of commission, member and non-member states R&D portfolios , Luxembourg : Office for Official Publications of the European Communities .
   Google Scholar
• European Commission (EC) . 2008 . Publishable executive summary of the scientific reference system on new energy technologies, energy end-use efficiency and energy RTD – SRS NET & EEE. 6th Framework program , Brussels, , Belgium : European Commission Directorate-General for Research Information and Communication Unit .
   Google Scholar
• European Photovoltaic Industry Association (EPIA). 2008. Supporting solar photovoltaic electricity an argument for feed-in tariffs http://www.epia.org/fileadmin/EPIA_docs/documents/An_.org/documents/An_Argument_for_Feed-in_Tariffs.pdf (http://www.epia.org/fileadmin/EPIA_docs/documents/An_.org/documents/An_Argument_for_Feed-in_Tariffs.pdf) (Accessed: August 2008 ).
   Google Scholar
• European Renewable Energy Council (EREC). 2008a. Bioenergy http://www.erec.org/renewableenergysources/bioenergy.html (http://www.erec.org/renewableenergysources/bioenergy.html) (Accessed: September 2008 ).
   Google Scholar
• European Renewable Energy Council (EREC). 2008b. Bioenergy http://www.erec.org/fileadmin/erec_docs/Documents/Publications/Brochure_Bioenergy (http://www.erec.org/fileadmin/erec_docs/Documents/Publications/Brochure_Bioenergy) (Accessed: October 2008 ).
   Google Scholar
• Externe . 2003 . EC project externe report: External costs—research results on socio-environmental damages due to electricity and transport , Brussels, , Belgium : European Commission Directorate-General for Research Information and Communication Unit . ISBN 92-894-3353-1)
   Google Scholar
• Faaij , A.P.C. 2004 . Bio-energy in Europe: Changing technology choices . Energy Policy , 34 ( 3 ) : 322 – 342 .
   Google Scholar
• Flamos , A. , Gaast , W. , Doukas , H. and Deng , G. 2008 . EU and Asian countries policies & programmes for the diffusion of sustainable energy technologies . Asia Europe Journal , 6 ( 2 ) : 261 – 76 . (International Co-operation on Environmental Issues: Asian and European Perspectives, Springer, ISSN: 1610-2932, DOI 10.1007/s10308-008-0177‐z)
   Google Scholar
• Flamos , A. , Georgallis , P.G. , Doukas , H. and Psarras , J. 2009 . Policy-oriented review for photovoltaics introduction in the EU . International Journal of Renewable Energy Technology (IJRET) , 1 : 64 – 80 . DOI: 10.1504/IJRET.2009.024731
   Google Scholar
• Fouquet , D. and Johansson , T.B. 2008 . European renewable energy policy at crossroads—Focus on electricity support mechanisms . Energy Policy , 36 ( 11 ) : 4079 – 4092 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gielen , D. , Fujino , J. , Hashimoto , S. and Moriguchi , Y. 2002 . Modeling of global biomass policies . Biomass & Bioenergy , 25 ( 2 ) : 177 – 195 .
   Google Scholar
• Hall , D.O. and House , J.I. 1994 . Biomass energy and the global carbon balance . Renewable Energy , 5 ( Part I ) : 58 – 66 .
   Google Scholar
• Hedenus , F. , Azar , C. and Johansson , D. J.A. 2010 . Energy security policies in EU-25—The expected cost of oil supply disruptions . Energy Policy , 38 ( 3 ) : 1241 – 50 .
   Google Scholar
• Hopwood , D. and de Vos , R. 2007 . 20% by 2020: The way forward . Refocus , 8 ( 2 ) : 24 – 5 .
   Google Scholar
• International Energy Agency (IEA). 2007. Biomass for power generation and CHP. IEA Energy Technology Essentials http://www.iea.org/techno/essentials.pdf (http://www.iea.org/techno/essentials.pdf) (Accessed: October 2008 ).
   Google Scholar
• International Energy Agency (IEA) . 2009 . Renewables information , Paris Cedex, , France : IEA . ISBN 978-92-64-06114-9
   Google Scholar
• Jacobsson , S. , Bergek , A. , Finon , D. , Lauber , V. , Mitchell , C. , Toke , D. and Verbruggen , A. 2009 . EU renewable energy support policy: Faith or facts? . Energy Policy , 37 ( 6 ) : 2143 – 6 . doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2009.02.043
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jager-Waldau , A. and Ossenbrink , H. 2003 . Progress of electricity from biomass, wind and photovoltaics in the European Union . Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews , 8 ( 2 ) : 157 – 182 .
   Google Scholar
• Kancs , d'A and Wohlgemuth , N. 2007 . Evaluation of renewable energy policies in an integrated economic-energy-environment model . Forest Policy and Economics , 10 ( 3 ) : 128 – 139 .
   Google Scholar
• Klass , D.L. 1998 . Biomass for renewable energy, fuels and chemichals , Missouri : Academic Press . ISBN: 0124109500
   Google Scholar
• Klass , D.L. 2004 . Biomass for renewable energy and fuels . Encyclopedia of Energy , V1 : 193 – 212 .
   Google Scholar
• Knight , B. and Westwood , A. 2004 . World biomass review. Biomass as a global power source . Refocus , 5 ( 6 ) : 42 – 4 .
   Google Scholar
• Kopetz , H. 2007 . March–April. Biomass—a burning issue. Policies needed to spark the biomass heating market . Refocus , 8 ( 2 ) : 52–4 – 56–8 .
   Google Scholar
• Lund , P.D. 2009 . Effects of energy policies on industry expansion in renewable energy . Renewable Energy , 34 ( 1 ) : 53 – 64 . doi:10.1016/j.renene.2008.03.018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Massachusetts Technology Collaborative Renewable Energy Trust (MTCRET). 2008. Bioenergy http://www.mtpc.org/cleanenergy/biomass.htm (http://www.mtpc.org/cleanenergy/biomass.htm) (Accessed: October 2008 ).
   Google Scholar
• Neyens, J., and A. Jacquet. 2007. Comments on preliminary report—project study ‘Energie 2030’ http://www.creg.be/pdf/adviezen/ARCG070302-036NL.pdf (http://www.creg.be/pdf/adviezen/ARCG070302-036NL.pdf) (Accessed: 20 September 2008 ).
   Google Scholar
• Panoutsou , C. 2008 . Bioenergy in Greece: Policies, diffusion framework and stakeholder interactions . Energy Policy , 36 ( 10 ) : 3674 – 3685 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papineau , M. 2006 . An economic perspective on experience curves and dynamic economies in renewable energy technologies . Energy Policy , 34 ( 4 ) : 422 – 32 .
   Google Scholar
• Ragwitz , M. and Miola , A. 2005 . Evidence from RD&D spending for renewable energy sources in the EU . Renewable Energy , 30 ( 11 ) : 1635 – 47 .
   Google Scholar
• Ramachandra , T.V. and Shruthi , B.V. 2007 . Spatial mapping of renewable energy potential . Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews , 11 ( 7 ) : 1460 – 80 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Resch , G. , Faber , T. and Haas , R. Short characterisation of the green-X model . Paper presented at the Final Conference of the EIE project OPTRES . December 2006 , Brussels, Belgium.
   Google Scholar
• Thornley , P. and Cooper , D. 2008 . The effectiveness of policy instruments in promoting bioenergy . Biomass & Bioenergy , 32 ( 10 ) : 903 – 913 .
   Google Scholar
• Tromborg , E. , Bolkesjo , T.F. and Solberg , B. 2008 . Biomass market and trade in Norway: Status and future prospects . Biomass & Bioenergy , 32 ( 8 ) : 640 – 671 .
   Google Scholar
• Van Dam , J. , Faaij , A.P.C. , Lewandowski , I. and Fischer , G. 2006 . Biomass production potentials in central and eastern Europe under different scenarios . Biomass & Energy , 31 ( 6 ) : 345 – 366 .
   Google Scholar