The Transesterification of Palm Oil Using KOH Supported on Bentonite in a Continuous Reactor

REFERENCES

• Alonso , D.M. , Mariscal , R. , Moreno-Tost , R. , Poves , M.D.Z. and Granados , M.L. 2007 . Potassium leaching during triglyceride transesterification using K/γ-Al2O3 catalysts . Catalysis Communications , 8 : 2080 – 6 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altunlu , M. and Yapar , S. 2007 . Effect of OH−/Al3+ and Al3+/clay ratio on the adsorption properties of Al-pillared bentonites . Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemistry and Engineering Aspects , 306 : 88 – 94 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babu , N.S. , Sree , R. , Prasad , P.S.S. and Lingaiah , N. 2008 . Room-temperature transesterification of edible and nonedible oils using a heterogeneous strong basic Mg/La catalyst . Energy and Fuels , 22 : 1965 – 71 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergaya , F. , Theng , B.K.G. and Lagaly , G. 2004 . Handbook of clay science, developments in clay science , 1st , Amsterdam : Elsevier Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• Bo , X. , Guomin , X. , Lingfeng , C. , Ruiping , W. and Lijing , G. 2007 . Transesterification of palm oil with methanol to biodiesel over a KF/Al2O3 heterogeneous base catalyst . Energy Fuels , 21 : 3109 – 12 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao , C. and Zhao , Y. 2013 . Transesterification of castor oil to biodiesel using KOH/NaY as solid base catalyst . International Journal of Green Energy , 10 : 219 – 29 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen , Y. , Huang , Y. , Lin , R. , Shang , N. , Chang , C. , Chang , C. , Chiang , P. and Hu , C. 2011 . Biodiesel production in a rotating packed bed using K/γ-Al2O3 solid catalyst . Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers , 42 : 937 – 44 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D'Cruz , A. , Kulkarni , M.G. , Meher , L.C. and Dalai , A.K. 2007 . Synthesis of biodiesel from canola oil using heterogeneous base catalyst . Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society , 84 : 937 – 43 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Genty , E. , Cousin , R. , Capelle , S. , Gennequin , C. and Siffert , S. 2012 . Catalytic oxidation of toluene and CO over nanocatalysts derived from hydrotalcite-like compounds (X6 2+Al2 3+): Effect of the bivalent cation . European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry , 16:2802–11.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerpen , J.V. 2005 . Biodiesel processing and production . Fuel Processing Technology , 86 : 1097 – 107 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorzawski , H. and Hoelderich , W.F. 1999 . Transesterification of methyl benzoate and dimethyl terephthalate with ethylene glycol over superbases . Applied Catalysis A: General , 79:131-7
   Google Scholar
• Guo , F. , Wei , N. , Xiu , Z. and Fang , Z. 2012 . Transesterification mechanism of soybean oil to biodiesel catalyzed by calcined sodium silicate . Fuel , 93 : 468 – 72 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ilgen , O. and Akin , A.N. 2009 . Transesterification of canola oil to biodiesel using MgO loaded with KOH as a heterogeneous catalyst . Energy Fuels , 23 : 1786 – 9 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ilić , B.R. , Mitrović , A.A. and Miličić , L.R. 2010 . Thermal treatment of kaolin clay to obtain metakaolin . Hemijska Industrija , 64 : 351 – 6 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imahara , H. , Minami , E. , Hari , S. and Saka , S. November 2006 . “ Thermal stability of biodiesel fuel as prepared by supercritical methanol process ” . In In The Second Joint International Conference on “Sustainable Energy and Environment (SEE 2006)” November , 21 – 23 . Bangkok , Thailand C-0372006
   Google Scholar
• Iranmahboob , J. , Hill , D.O. and Toghiani , H. 2002 . K2CO3/Co-MoS2/clay catalyst for synthesis of alcohol: Influence of potassium and cobalt . Applied Catalysis A: General , 231 : 99 – 108 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurniawan , A. , Sutiono , H. , Ju , Y. , Soetaredjo , F.E. , Ayucitra , A. , Yudha , A. and Ismadji , S. 2011 . Utilization of rarasaponin natural surfactant for organo-bentonite preparation: application for methylene blue removal from aqueous effluent . Microporous and Mesoporous Materials , 142 : 184 – 93 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu , X. , He , H. , Wang , Y. and Zhu , S. 2007 . Transesterification of soybean oil to biodiesel using SrO as a solid base catalyst . Catalysis Communications , 8 : 1107 – 11 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu , X. , He , H. , Wang , Y. , Zhu , S. and Piao , X. 2008a . Transesterification of soybean oil to biodiesel using CaO as a solid base catalyst . Fuel , 87 : 216 – 21 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu , X. , Piao , X. , Wang , Y. , Zhu , S. and He , H. 2008b . Calcium methoxide as a solid base catalyst for the transesterification of soybean oil to biodiesel with methanol . Fuel , 87 : 1076 – 82 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucas , A. , Valverde , J. , Sánchez , P. , Dorado , F. and Ramos , M.J. 2005 . Hydroisomerization of n-octane over platinum catalysts with or without binder . Applied Catalysis A: General , 282 : 15 – 24 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma , H. , Li , S. , Wang , B. , Wang , R. and Tian , S. 2008 . Transesterification of rapeseed oil for synthesizing biodiesel by K/KOH/γ-Al2O3 as heterogeneous base catalyst . Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society , 85 : 263 – 70 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagendrappa , G. 2002 . Organic synthesis using clay catalysts . Resonance , 7 : 64 – 77 .
   Google Scholar
• Noiroj , K. , Intarapong , P. , Luengnaruemitchai , A. and Jai-In , S. 2009 . A comparative study of KOH/Al2O3 and KOH/NaY catalysts for biodiesel production via transesterification from palm oil . Renewable Energy , 34 : 1145 – 50 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliveira , J.S. , Montalvão , R. , Daher , L. , Suarez , P.A.Z. and Rubim , J.C. 2006 . Determination of methyl ester contents in biodiesel blends by FTIR-ATR and FTNIR spectroscopies . Talanta , 69 : 1278 – 84 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramos , M.J. , Casas , A. , Rodríguez , L. , Romero , R. and Péreza , Á. 2008 . Transesterification of sunflower oil over zeolites using different metal loading: A case of leaching and agglomeration studies . Applied Catalysis A: General , 346:79–85
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sadia , H. , Ahmad , M. , Zafar , M. , Sultana , S. , Azam , A. and Khan , M.A. 2013 . Variables effecting the optimization of non edible wild safflower oil biodiesel using alkali catalyzed transesterification . International Journal of Green Energy , 10 : 53 – 62 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sagiroglu , A. , Isbilir , Ş.S. , Ozan , H.M. , Paluzar , H. and Toprakkiran , N.M. 2011 . Comparison of biodiesel productivities of different vegetable oils by acidic catalysis . Chemical Industry & Chemical Engineering Quarterly , 17 : 53 – 58 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sing , K.S.W. , Everett , D.H. , Haul , R.A.W. , Moscou , L. , Pierotti , R.A. , Rouquerol , J. and Siemieniewska , T. 1985 . Reporting physisorption data for gas/solid systems with special reference to the determination of surface area and porosity . Pure and Applied Chemistry , 57 : 603 – 19 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soetaredjo , F.E. , Ayucitra , A. , Ismadji , S. and Maukar , A.L. 2011 . KOH/bentonite catalysts for transesterification of palm oil to biodiesel . Applied Clay Science , 53 : 341 – 6 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torres-Jimenez , E. , Svoljšak-Jerman , M. , Gregorc , A. , Lisec , I. , Dorado , M.P. and Kegl , B. 2010 . Physical and chemical properties of ethanol-biodiesel blends for diesel engines . Energy Fuels , 24 : 2002 – 9 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vedaraman , N. , Puhan , S. , Nagarajan , G. and Velappan , K.C. 2011 . Preparation of palm oil biodiesel and effect of various additives on NOx emission reduction in B20: An experimental study . International Journal of Green Energy , 8 : 383 – 97 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie , W. and Li , H. 2006 . Alumina-supported potassium iodide as a heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production from soybean oil . Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical , 255:1–9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie , W. , Peng , H. and Chen , L. 2006 . Transesterification of soybean oil catalyzed by potassium loaded on alumina as a solid-base catalyst . Applied Catalysis A: General , 300 : 67 – 74 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan , S. , Kim , M. , Mohan , S. , Salley , S.O. and Ng , K.Y.S. 2010 . Effects of preparative parameters on the structure and performance of Ca-La metal oxide catalysts for oil Transesterification . Applied Catalysis A: General , 373 ( 1–2 ) : 104 – 11 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yao , Y. and Huang , W. 2011 . An effective regeneration method for CaO/MgO catalyst used in biodiesel synthesis . International Journal of Green Energy , 34 : 261 – 6 .
   Google Scholar