The Simultaneous Reduction of NO_x and PM Using Ultra-Cooled EGR and Retarded Injection Timing in a Diesel Engine

References

• ARAI Standards. 2010. https://www.araiindia.com/CMVR_TAP_Documents/Part-10/Part-10_Chapter04.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Asad, U. and M. Zheng. 2011. Tightened intake oxygen control for improving diesel low-temperature combustion. Proceedings of the Institute of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 225:513 –29.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asad, U., M. Zheng, X. Han, G. Reader, and M. Wang. 2008. Fuel injection strategies to improve emissions and efficiency of high compression ratio diesel engines. SAE 2008-01-2472.
   Google Scholar
• Banerjee, R. and P.K. Bose. 2012. An experimental investigation on the potential of hydrogen in the reduction of the emission characteristics of an existing four-stroke single-cylinder diesel engine operating under EGR. International Journal of Green Energy 9:84 –110.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brijesh, P. and S. Sreedhara. 2013. Exhaust emissions and its control methods in compression ignition engines: a review. International Journal of Automotive Technology 14(2):195 –206.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Celikten, I. 2003. An experimental investigation of the effect of the injection pressure on engine performance and exhaust emission in indirect injection diesel engines. Applied Thermal Engineering 23(16):2051 –60.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christensen, M., A. Hultqvist, and B. Johansson. 1999. Demonstrating the multi fuel capability of a homogeneous charge compression ignition engine with variable compression ratio. SAE 1999-01-3679.
   Google Scholar
• Dec, J.E. 2009. Advanced compression ignition engines: Understanding the in-cylinder processes. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 32(2):2727 –42.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekoto, I.W., W.F. Colban, P.C. Miles, S.W. Park, D.E. Foster, R.D. Reitz et al. 2009. UHC and CO emissions sources from a light-duty diesel engine undergoing dilution-controlled low-temperature combustion. SAE 2009-24-0043.
   Google Scholar
• Fang, T.-G., R.E. Coverdill, C.-F.F. Lee, and R.A. White. 2008. Low-sooting combustion in a small-bore high-speed direct-injection diesel engine using narrow-angle injectors. Proceedings of the Institute of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 222:1927 –37.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandez, J.R., A. Tsolakis, R.F. Cracknell, and R.H. Clark. 2009. Combining GTL fuel, reformed EGR and HC-SCR after treatment system to reduce diesel NOx emission-A statistical approach. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 34(6):2789 –99.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiveland, S.B. and D.N. Assanis. 2000. A four-stroke homogeneous charge compression ignition engine simulation for combustion and performance studies. SAE 2000-01-0332.
   Google Scholar
• He, X. and R.P. Durrett. 2008. Late intake valve closing as an emissions control strategy at Tier 2 Bin 5 engine-out NO_x level. SAE 2008-01-0637.
   Google Scholar
• Henein, N.A., A. Bhattacharyya, J. Schipper, A. Kastury, and W. Bryzik. 2006. Effect of injection pressure and swirl motion on diesel engine-out emissions in conventional and advanced combustion regimes. SAE 2006-01-0076.
   Google Scholar
• Heywood, J.B. 1988. Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals. New York: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Hill, S.C. and L.D. Smoot. 2000. Modelling of nitrogen oxides formation and destruction in combustion systems. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 26(4–6):417–58.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, T., S. Liu, L. Zhou, and W. Li. 2006. Effect of compression ratio on performance, combustion and emission characteristics of an HCCI engine. Proceedings of the Institute of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 220:637 –45.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Icingur, Y. and D. Altiparmak. 2003. Effect of fuel cetane number and injection pressure on a DI Diesel engine performance and emissions. Energy Conversion and Management 44(3):389 –97.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jayashankara, B. and V. Ganesan. 2010. Effect of fuel injection timing and intake pressure on the performance of a DI diesel engine–A parametric study using CFD. Energy Conversion and Management 51(10):1835 –48.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kline, S.J. and F.A. Mcclintock. 1953. Describing the uncertainties in single sample experiments. Mechanical Engineering 75(1):3 –8.
   Google Scholar
• Kook, S. and C. Bae. 2005. The influence of charge dilution and injection timing on low-temperature diesel combustion and emissions. SAE 2005-01-3837.
   Google Scholar
• Laguitton, O., C. Crua, T. Cowell, M.R. Heikal, and M.R. Gold. 2007. The effect of compression ratio on exhaust emissions from a PCCI diesel engine. Energy Conversion and Management 48(11):2918 –24.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, J., Y. Li, G. Li, Z. Zhu, H. He, and S. Liu. 2010. Effect of pilot diesel quantity and fuel delivery advance angle on the performance and emission characteristics of a methanol-fueled diesel engine. Energy and Fuels 24:1611 –16.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Machrafi, H., S. Cavadias, and P. Guibert. 2008. An experimental and numerical investigation on the influence of external gas recirculation on the HCCI autoignition process in an engine: Thermal, diluting, and chemical effects. Combustion and Flame 155(3):476 –89.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maiboom, A., X. Tauzia, and J.F. Hetet. 2008. Experimental study of various effects of EGR on combustion and emission of an automotive direct injection diesel engine. Energy 33(1): 22 –34.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murata, Y., J. Kusaka, Y. Daisho, D. Kawano, H. Suzuki, H. Ishii et al. 2008. Miller-PCCI combustion in an HSDI diesel engine with VVT. SAE 2008-01-0644.
   Google Scholar
• Peng, H., Y. Chui, L. Shi, and K. Deng. 2008. Effect of EGR on combustion and emissions during cold start of direct injection (DI) diesel engine. Energy 33(3):471 –79.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pickett, L.M. and D.L. Siebers. 2004. Soot in diesel fuel jets: Effects of ambient temperature, ambient density and injection pressure. Combustion and Flame 138(1–2):114 –35.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regulation (EC-715). 2007. website: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2007:171:0001:0016:EN:PDF.
   Google Scholar
• Ross, P.J. 1996. Taguchi Techniques for Quality Engineering. 2nd ed., New York: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Shuai, S., N. Abani, T. Yoshikawa, R.D. Reitz, and S.W. Park. 2009. Evaluation of the effects of injection timing and rate-shape on diesel low temperature combustion using advanced CFD modeling. Fuel 88(7):1235 –44.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thurnheer, T., D. Edenhauser, P. Soltic, D. Schreiber, P. Kirchen, and A. Sankowski. 2011. Experimental investigation on different injection strategies in a heavy-duty diesel engine: Emissions and loss analysis. Energy Conversion and Management 52(1):457 –67.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verbiezen, K., A.J. Donkerbroek, R.J.H. Klein-Douwel, A.P. Vliet, P.J.M. Frijters, X.L.J. Seykens et al. 2007. Diesel combustion: In-cylinder NO concentrations in relation to injection timing. Combustion and Flame 151(1–2):333 –46.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, D., C. Zhang, and Y. Wang. 2007. A Numerical study of multiple fuel injection strategies for NOx reduction from DI diesel engines. International Journal of Green Energy 4:453 –70.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng, M., G.T. Reader, and J.G. Hawley. 2004. Diesel engine exhaust gas recirculation–A review on advanced and novel concepts. Energy Conversion and Management 45(6):883 –900.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar