References
- Castillo, S., F. Ansart, R. Labberty, and J. Portal. 2002. Advances of recovering of spent lithium battery compounds. Journal of Power Sources 112 (1):247–54. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7753(02)00361-0.
- Chen, L., X. Tang, Y. Zhang, L. Li, Z. Zeng, and Y. Zhang. 2011. Process for the recovery of cobalt oxalate from spent lithium-ion batteries. Hydrometallurgy 108 (1–2):80–86. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2011.02.010.
- Chen, W. S., and H. J. Ho. 2018 May.Recovery of valuable metals from lithium-ion batteries NMC cathode waste materials by hydrometallurgical methods. Metals 2018, 8(5), 321. https://doi.org/10.3390/met8050321
- Chow, N., J. Jung, A. Nacu, and D. Warkentin. 2019. Processing of cobaltous sulphate/dithionate liquors derived from cobalt resource, United State Patent 10308523 B1, June.
- Contestabile, M., S. Panero, and B. Scrosati. 2001. A laboratory-scale lithium-ion battery recycling process. Journal of Power Sources 92 (1–2):65–69. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7753(00)00523-1.
- Dalini, E. A., G. Karimi, S. Zandevakili, and M. Goodarzi. 2020. A review on environmental, economic and hydrometallurgical processes of recycling spent lithium-ion batteries. Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/08827508.2020.1781628.
- Davidson, J. M., and D. H. Glass. 2007. Nucleation kinetics in the reactions of nickel basic carbonates with hydrogen sulphide: The carbonate precipitation reactions of divalent nickel. Industrial $ Engineering Chemistry Research 46 (14):47724777.
- Ding, Y., Z. P. Cano, A. Yu, J. Lu, and Z. Chen. 2019. Automotive Li-ion batteries: Current status and future perspectives. Electrochemical Energy Reviews 2 (1):1–28. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s41918-018-0022-z.
- Dorella, G., and M. B. Mansur. 2007. A study of the separation of cobalt from spent li-ion battery residues. Journal of Power Sources 170 (1):210–15. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.04.025.
- Furlani, G., F. Pagnanelli, and L. Toro. 2006. Reductive acid leaching of manganese dioxide with glucose: Identification of oxidation derivatives of glucose. Hydrometallurgy 81 (3–4):234–40. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2005.12.008.
- Gao, W., X. Zhang, X.,Lin, X., Cao, H., Zhang, Y., Sun, Z. 2017. Lithium carbonate recovery from cathode scrap of spent lithium-ion battery: A closed-loop process. Waste Management 51(3):1662–69. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b03320.
- Global EV Outlook 2020. 2020. IEA Publication, June.
- Golmohammadzadeh, R., F. Rashchi, and E. Vahidi. June 2017. Recovery of lithium and cobalt from spent lithium-ion batteries using organic acids: Process optimization and kinetic aspects. Waste Management 64:244–54. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.03.037.
- Granata, G., Moscardini, E., Pagnanelli, F., Trabucco, F., Toro, L. 2012. Product recovery from Li-ion battery wastes coming from an industrial pretreatment plant: Lab scale tests and process simulations. Journal of Power Sources 206:393–401.
- Granata, G., E. Moscardini, F. Pagnanelli, F. Trabucco, and L. Toro. 2012. Product recovery from Li-ion battery wastes coming from an industrial pre-treatment plant: Lab scale tests and process simulations. Journal of Power Sources 206:393–401. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.01.115.
- Jung, C. Y. J., N. Chow, D. D. Warkentin, K. Chen, M. Melashvili, Z. Meseldzija, P. C. Shi, and J. Zhang. 2021. Experimental study on recycling of spent lithium-ion battery cathode materials. Journal of Electrochemical Society 167 (16):160558. doi:https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/abd600.
- Jung, J. C. Y., P. C. Sui, and J. Zhang. 2021. A review of recycling spent lithium-ion battery cathode materials using hydrometallurgical treatments. Journal of Energy Storage 35:102217. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2020.102217.
- Kaminski, N.,Zorn, C. 2015. Temperature-humidity-bias testing on insulated-gate bipolar transistor modules – Failure modes and acceleration due to high voltage. IET Power Electronics 8 (12).
- Kang, J., G. Senanayake, J. S. Sohn, and S. M. Shin. 2010. Recovery of cobalt sulfate from spent lithium ion batteries by reductive leaching and solvent extraction with Cyanex 272. Hydrometallurgy 100 (3–4):168–71. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2009.10.010.
- Lee, C. K., and K. I. Rhee. 2002. Preparation of LiCoO2 from spent lithium-ion batteries. Journal of Power Sources 109 (1):17–21. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7753(02)00037-X.
- Lee, C. K., and K. I. Rhee. 2003. Reductive leaching of cathodic active materials from lithium ion battery wastes. Hydrometallurgy 68 (1–3):5–10. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-386X(02)00167-6.
- Li, L., R. Chen, F. Sun, F. Wu, and J. Liu. 2011. Preparation of LiCoO2 films from spent lithium-ion batteries by a combined recycling process. Hydrometallurgy 108 (3–4):220–25. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2011.04.013.
- Li, L., J. Ge, R. Chen, F. Wu, S. Chen, and X. Zhang. 2010a. Environmental friendly leaching reagent for cobalt and lithium recovery from spent lithium-ion batteries. Waste Management 30 (12):2615–21. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2010.08.008.
- Li, L., J. Ge, F. Wu, R. Chen, S. Chen, and B. Wu. 2010b. Recovery of Cobalt and Lithium from spent lithium ion batteries using organic citric acid as leachant. Journal of Hazardous Materials 176 (1–3):288–93. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.11.026.
- Li, L., J. Lu, Y. Ren, X. X. Zhang, R. Chen, F. Wu, and K. Amine. 2012. Ascorbic-acid-assisted recovery of cobalt and lithium from spent Li-ion batteries. Journal of Power Sources 218:21–27. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.06.068.
- Li, L., X. Zhang, M. Li, R. Chen, F. Wu, K. Amine, and J. Lu. 2018. The recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries: A review of current processes and technologies. Electrochemical Energy Reviews 1 (4):461–82. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s41918-018-0012-1.
- Lupi, C., and M. Pasquali. 2011. Electrolytic nickel recovery from lithium-ion batteries. Minerals Engineering 194 (6):378–84. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0892-6875(03)00080-3.
- Mallya, R. M., and A. R. Vasudeva Murthy. 1960. Studies on the basic carbonates on Nickel Part 111: Potentiometric study of precipitation. Department of inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bawalure-12).
- Marcel Pourbaix. 1974. Atlas of electrochemical Equilibria in aqueous solutions.
- Matijevic’, E.,Stryker L. J., 1966. Counterion complexing and sol stability. II. Coagulation effects of aluminum sulphate in acidic solutions. Colloid Interface Sci 22 (68).
- Mersmann, A., and M. Löffelmann. 2000. Review crystallization and precipitation: The optimal supersaturation. Chemical Engineering & Technology Ó WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH, D-69469 Weinheim, 0930-7516/2000/0101-00011. 23 (1):11–15. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1521-4125(200001)23:1<11::AID-CEAT11>3.0.CO;2-U.
- Nan, J., D. Han, M. Yang, M. Cui, and X. Hou. 2006. Recovery of metal values from a mixture of spent lithium-ion batteries and nickel-metal hydride batteries. Hydrometallurgy 84 (1–2):75–80. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2006.03.059.
- Nan, J., D. Han, and X. Zuo. 2005. Recovery of metal values from spent lithium-ion batteries with chemical deposition and solvent extraction. Journal of Power Sources 152:278–84. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.03.134.
- Nayl, A. A., R. A. Elkhashab, S. M. Badawy, and M. A. El-Khateeb. 2017. Acid leaching of mixed spent li-ion batteries. Arabian Journal of Chemistry 10:S3632 S3639. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2014.04.001.
- Rubin., A. J., and P. L. Hayden. 1973. Studies on the hydrolysis and precipitation of aluminium (III). Project Rep., Water Resources Ctr., Ohio State University.
- Shin, S. M., N. H. Kim, J. S. Sohn, D. H. Yang, and Y. H. Kim. 2005. Development of a metal recovery process from li-ion battery wastes. Hydrometallurgy 79 (3–4):172–81. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2005.06.004.
- Sun, L., and K. Qiu. 2011. Vacuum pyrolysis and hydrometallurgical process for the recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries. Journal of Hazardous Materials 194:378–84. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.07.114.
- Swain, B., J. Jeong, J. Lee, G.-H. Lee, and J. Sohn. 2007. Hydrometallurgical process for recovery of cobalt from waste cathodic active material generated during manufacturing of lithium ion batteries. Journal of Power Sources 167 (2):536–44. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.02.046.
- Swain, B., J. Jeong, J.-C. Lee, and G.-H. Lee. 2008. Development of process flow sheet for recovery of high pure cobalt from sulfate leach liquor of lib industry waste: A mathematical model correlation to predict optimum operational conditions. Separation and Purification Technology 63 (2):360–69. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2008.05.022.
- Takacova, Z., T. Havlik, F. Kukurugya, and D. Orac. 2016. Cobalt and lithium recovery from active mass of spent li-ion batteries: Theoretical and experimental approach. Hydrometallurgy 163:9–17. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2016.03.007.
- Wang, R., Y. C. Lin, and S. H. Wu. 2009. A novel recovery process of metal values from the cathode active materials of the lithium-ion secondary batteries. Hydrometallurgy 99 (3–4):194–201. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2009.08.005.
- Xu, J., H. R. Thomas, R. W. Francis, K. Lum, J. Wang, and B. Liang. 2008. A review of processes and technologies for the recycling of lithium-ion secondary batteries. Journal of Power Sources 177 (2):512–27. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.11.074.
- Zante, G., A. Braun, A. Masmoudi, R. Barillon, D. Trebouet, and M. Boltoeva. 2020. Solvent extraction fractionation of manganese, cobalt, nickel and lithium using ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents. Minerals Engineering 156:106512. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2020.106512.
- Zhang, P., T. Yokoyama, O. Itabashi, T. Suzuki, and K. Inoue. 1998. Hydrometallurgical process for recovery of metal values from spent lithium-ion secondary batteries. Hydrometallurgy 47 (2–3):259–71. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-386X(97)00050-9.
- Zhang, Y., Q. Meng, P. Dong, J. Duan, and Y. Lin. 2018. Use of grape seed as reductant for leaching of cobalt from spent lithium-ion batteries. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 66:86–93. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2018.05.004.
- Zhou, S., Y. Zhang, Q. Meng, P. Dong, Z. Fei, and Q. Li. 2021. Recycling of LiCoO2 cathode material from spent lithium ion batteries by ultrasonic enhanced leaching and one-step regeneration. Journal of Environmental Management 277:111426. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111426.
- Zhu, S., W. He, G. Li, X. Zhou, X. Zhang, and J. Huang. 2012. Recovery of Co and Li from spent lithium-ion batteries by combination method of acid leaching and chemical precipitation. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China 22 (9):2274–81. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(11)61460-X.
- Zhu, S.G., He, W.Z., Li, G.M., Zhou, X., Zhang, X.J., Huang, J.W. 2012. Recovery of Co and Li from spent lithium-ion batteries by combination method of acid leaching and chemical precipitation. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China 22 (9):2274–81.