775
Views
14
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Articles

Benefits of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate supplementation in trained and untrained individuals

, , &
Pages 204-218 | Received 29 Mar 2018, Accepted 04 Oct 2018, Published online: 22 Oct 2018

References

  • Albert, F. J., Morente-Sanchez, J., Ortega, F. B., Castillo, M. J., & Gutierrez, A. (2015, Jul 1). Usefulness of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (hmb) supplementation in different sports: An update and practical implications. Nutricion hospitalaria, 32, 20–33.
  • Asadi, A., Arazi, H., & Suzuki, K. (2017, Dec). Effects of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate-free acid supplementation on strength, power and hormonal adaptations following resistance training. Nutrients, 9, 1316.
  • Aversa, Z., Bonetto, A., Costelli, P., Minero, V. G., Penna, F., Baccino, F. M., … Muscaritoli, M. (2011, Mar). beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) attenuates muscle and body weight loss in experimental cancer cachexia. International Journal of Oncology, 38, 713–720.
  • Baier, S., Johannsen, D., Abumrad, N., Rathmacher, J. A., Nissen, S., & Flakoll, P. (2009, Jan-Feb). Year-long changes in protein metabolism in elderly men and women supplemented with a nutrition cocktail of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB), L-arginine, and L-lysine. JPEN. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, 33, 71–82.
  • Baxter, J. H., Carlos, J. L., Thurmond, J., Rehani, R. N., Bultman, J., & Frost, D. (2005, Dec). Dietary toxicity of calcium beta-hydroxy-beta-methyl butyrate (CaHMB). Food and Chemical Toxicology, 43, 1731–1741.
  • Bruckbauer, A., & Zemel, M. B. (2011, Dec). Effects of dairy consumption on SIRT1 and mitochondrial biogenesis in adipocytes and muscle cells. Nutrition & Metabolism (London), 20(8), 91.
  • Bruckbauer, A., Zemel, M. B., Thorpe, T., Akula, M. R., Stuckey, A. C., Osborne, D., … Wall, J. S. (2012, Aug 22). Synergistic effects of leucine and resveratrol on insulin sensitivity and fat metabolism in adipocytes and mice. Nutrition & Metabolism, 9(1), 77.
  • Clarkson, P. M., & Hubal, M. J. (2002, Mar-Apr). Exercise-induced muscle damage in humans. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 81, S52–S69.
  • Correia, A. L. M., de Lima, F. D., Bottaro, M., Vieira, A., Da Fonseca, A. C., & Lima, R. M. (2018). Pre-exercise β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate free-acid supplementation improves work capacity recovery: A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 43(7), 691–696.
  • Dreyer, H. C., Drummond, M. J., Pennings, B., Fujita, S., Glynn, E. L., Chinkes, D. L., … Rasmussen, B. B. (2008, Feb). Leucine-enriched essential amino acid and carbohydrate ingestion following resistance exercise enhances mTOR signaling and protein synthesis in human muscle. American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism, 294(2), E392–E400.
  • Durkalec-Michalski, K., & Jeszka, J. (2015, Jul 30). The efficacy of a beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate supplementation on physical capacity, body composition and biochemical markers in elite rowers: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 12, 31.
  • Durkalec-Michalski, K., Jeszka, J., & Podgorski, T. (2017, Jul 14). The effect of a 12-Week Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) supplementation on highly-trained combat sports athletes: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study. Nutrients, 9(7).
  • Eley, H. L., Russell, S. T., Baxter, J. H., Mukerji, P., & Tisdale, M. J. (2007, Oct). Signaling pathways initiated by beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate to attenuate the depression of protein synthesis in skeletal muscle in response to cachectic stimuli. American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism, 293, E923–E931.
  • Eley, H. L., Russell, S. T., & Tisdale, M. J. (2008a, Dec). Attenuation of depression of muscle protein synthesis induced by lipopolysaccharide, tumor necrosis factor, and angiotensin II by beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate. American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism, 295, E1409–E1416.
  • Eley, H. L., Russell, S. T., & Tisdale, M. J. (2008b, Dec). Mechanism of attenuation of muscle protein degradation induced by tumor necrosis factor-alpha and angiotensin II by beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, 295, E1417–E1426.
  • Elia, M., & Lunn, P. G. (1997, Jul-Aug). The use of glutamine in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders in man. Nutrition, 13, 743–747.
  • Fuller, J. C., Jr., Sharp, R. L., Angus, H. F., Baier, S. M., & Rathmacher, J. A. (2011, Feb). Free acid gel form of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) improves HMB clearance from plasma in human subjects compared with the calcium HMB salt. The British Journal of Nutrition, 105, 367–372.
  • Gallagher, P. M., Carrithers, J. A., Godard, M. P., Schulze, K. E., & Trappe, S. W. (2000a). β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate ingestion, part I: Effects on strength and fat free mass. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(12), 2109–2115.
  • Gallagher, P. M., Carrithers, J. A., Godard, M. P., Schulze, K. E., & Trappe, S. W. (2000b, Dec). Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate ingestion, part II: Effects on hematology, hepatic and renal function. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32, 2116–2119.
  • Giron, M. D., Vilchez, J. D., Salto, R., Manzano, M., Sevillano, N., Campos, N., … Lopez-Pedrosa, J. M. (2016, Mar). Conversion of leucine to -hydroxy–Methylbutyrate by -keto isocaproate dioxygenase is required for a potent stimulation of protein synthesis in L6 rat myotubes. Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle, 7, 68–78.
  • Gonzalez, A. M., Fragala, M. S., Jajtner, A. R., Townsend, J. R., Wells, A. J., Beyer, K. S., … Hoffman, J. R. (2014a, Apr 1). Effects of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate free acid and cold water immersion on expression of CR3 and MIP-1beta following resistance exercise. American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 306, R483–R489.
  • Gonzalez, A. M., Stout, J. R., Jajtner, A. R., Townsend, J. R., Wells, A. J., Beyer, K. S., … Hoffman, J. R. (2014b, Jun). Effects of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate free acid and cold water immersion on post-exercise markers of muscle damage. Amino Acids, 46, 1501–1511.
  • Hoffman, J. R., Cooper, J., Wendell, M., Im, J., & Kang, J. (2004, Nov). Effects of beta-hydroxy beta-methylbutyrate on power performance and indices of muscle damage and stress during high-intensity training. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 18, 747–752.
  • Hoffman, J. R., Ratamess, N. A., Klatt, M., Faigenbaum, A. D., Ross, R. E., Tranchina, N. M., … Kraemer, W. J. (2009, Jan). Comparison between different off-season resistance training programs in division Iii American college football players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 23, 11–19.
  • Holecek, M. (2017, Aug). Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate supplementation and skeletal muscle in healthy and muscle-wasting conditions. Journal of Cachexia Sarcopenia and Muscle, 8, 529–541.
  • Holecek, M., Muthny, T., Kovarik, M., & Sispera, L. (2009, Jan). Effect of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) on protein metabolism in whole body and in selected tissues. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 47(1), 255–259.
  • Holecek, M., Siman, P., Vodenicarovova, M., & Kandar, R. (2016, Feb 12). Alterations in protein and amino acid metabolism in rats fed a branched-chain amino acid- or leucine-enriched diet during postprandial and postabsorptive states. Nutrition & Metabolism (London), 11, 13.
  • Holecek, M., & Sispera, L. (2014, May). Glutamine deficiency in extracellular fluid exerts adverse effects on protein and amino acid metabolism in skeletal muscle of healthy, laparotomized, and septic rats. Amino Acids, 46(5), 1377–1384.
  • Holeček, M., & Vodeničarovová, M. (2018, Jul 30). Effects of branched-chain amino acids on muscles under hyperammonemic conditions. Journal of Physiology and Biochemistry. Epub ahead of print
  • Hung, W., Liu, T.-H., Chen, C.-Y., & Chang, C.-K. (2010, Apr). Effect of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate supplementation during energy restriction in female judo athletes. Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness, 8, 50–53.
  • Jowko, E., Ostaszewski, P., Jank, M., Sacharuk, J., Zieniewicz, A., Wilczak, J., & Nissen, S. (2001, Jul-Aug). Creatine and beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) additively increase lean body mass and muscle strength during a weight-training program. Nutrition, 17, 558–566.
  • Keast, D., Arstein, D., Harper, W., Fry, R. W., & Morton, A. R. (1995, Jan). Depression of plasma glutamine concentration after exercise stress and its possible influence on the immune system. The Medical Journal of Australia, 162, 15–18.
  • Kimura, K., Cheng, X. W., Inoue, A., Hu, L., Koike, T., & Kuzuya, M. (2014, Apr). beta-Hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate facilitates PI3K/Akt-dependent mammalian target of rapamycin and FoxO1/3a phosphorylations and alleviates tumor necrosis factor alpha/interferon gamma-induced MuRF-1 expression in C2C12 cells. Nutrition Research (New York, N.Y.), 34, 368–374.
  • Knitter, A. E., Panton, L., Rathmacher, J. A., Petersen, A., & Sharp, R. (2000, Oct). Effects of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate on muscle damage after a prolonged run. Journal of Applied Physiology: Respiratory, Environmental and Exercise Physiology, 89, 1340–1344.
  • Kornasio, R., Riederer, I., Butler-Browne, G., Mouly, V., Uni, Z., & Halevy, O. (2009, May). Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) stimulates myogenic cell proliferation, differentiation and survival via the MAPK/ERK and PI3K/Akt pathways. Biochimica et biophysica acta, 1793, 755–763.
  • Kraemer, W. J., Hatfield, D. L., Volek, J. S., Fragala, M. S., Vingren, J. L., Anderson, J. M., … Maresh, C. M. (2009, May). Effects of amino acids supplement on physiological adaptations to resistance training. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 41, 1111–1121.
  • Kreider, R. B., Ferreira, M., Wilson, M., & Almada, A. L. (1999, Nov). Effects of calcium beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) supplementation during resistance-training on markers of catabolism, body composition and strength. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 20, 503–509.
  • Kreider, R. B., Ferreira, M. P., Greenwood, M., Wilson, M., Grindstaff, P., Plisk, S., … Amalda, A. L. (2000, Nov). Effects of calcium β-HMB supplementation during training on markers of catabolism, body composition, strength and sprint performance. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 20(8), 503–509.
  • Lamboley, C. R., Royer, D., & Dionne, I. J. (2007, Feb). Effects of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate on aerobic-performance components and body composition in college students. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 17, 56–69.
  • Miramonti, A. A., Stout, J. R., Fukuda, D. H., Robinson, E. H., IV, Wang, R., La Monica, M. B., & Hoffman, J. R. (2016). Effects of 4 weeks of high-intensity interval training and β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyric free acid supplementation on the onset of neuromuscular fatigue. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 30, 626–634.
  • Newsholme, E. A. (1996, May 15). The possible role of glutamine in some cells of the immune system and the possible consequence for the whole animal. Experientia, 52, 455–459.
  • Nissen, S., Sharp, R., Ray, M., Rathmacher, J. A., Rice, D., Fuller, J. C., Jr., … Abumrad, N. (1996, Nov). Effect of leucine metabolite beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate on muscle metabolism during resistance-exercise training. Journal of Applied Physiology: Respiratory, Environmental and Exercise Physiology, 81, 2095–2104.
  • Nissen, S., Sharp, R. L., Panton, L., Vukovich, M., Trappe, S., & Fuller, J. C., (2000, Aug). beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) supplementation in humans is safe and may decrease cardiovascular risk factors. The Journal of Nutrition, 130, 1937–1945.
  • Nissen, S. L., & Abumrad, N. N. (1997, Jun). Nutritional role of the leucine metabolite beta-hydroxy beta-methylbutyrate (HMB). Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 8, 300–311.
  • O‘Conner DM and Crowe MJ. (2007). Effects of six weeks of ß-hydroxy-ß-methylbutyrate (HMB) and HMB/creatine supplementation on strength, power and anthropometry of highly trained athletes. J. Strength Cond. Res. 21, 419–423.
  • Paddon-Jones, D., Keech, A., & Jenkins, D. (2001, Dec). Short-term beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate supplementation does not reduce symptoms of eccentric muscle damage. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 11, 442–450.
  • Panton, L. B., Rathmacher, J. A., Baier, S., & Nissen, S. (2000, Sep). Nutritional supplementation of the leucine metabolite beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (hmb) during resistance training. Nutrition, 16, 734–739.
  • Park, B. S., Henning, P. C., Grant, S. C., Lee, W. J., Lee, S. R., Arjmandi, B. H., & Kim, J. S. (2013, Dec). HMB attenuates muscle loss during sustained energy deficit induced by calorie restriction and endurance exercise. Metabolism, 62, 1718–1729.
  • Pinheiro, C. H. D. J., Gerlinger-Romero, F., Guimaraes-Ferreira, L., de Souza, A. L., Vitzel, K. F., Nachbar, R. T., … Curi, R. (2012, Jul). Metabolic and functional effects of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) supplementation in skeletal muscle. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 112, 2531–2537.
  • Rahimi, M. H., Mohammadi, H., Eshaghi, H., Askari, G., & Miraghajani, M. (2018, Apr). The effects of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate supplementation on recovery following exercise-induced muscle damage: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 20, 1–10.
  • Ransone, J., Neighbors, K., Lefavi, R., & Chromiak, J. (2003, Feb). The effect of beta-hydroxy beta-methylbutyrate on muscular strength and body composition in collegiate football players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 17, 34–39.
  • Rathmacher, J. A., Nissen, S., Panton, L., Clark, R. H., Eubanks May, P., Barber, A. E., … Abumrad, N. N. (2004, Mar-Apr). Supplementation with a combination of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB), arginine, and glutamine is safe and could improve hematological parameters. JPEN. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, 28, 65–75.
  • Robinson, E. H. T., Stout, J. R., Miramonti, A. A., Fukuda, D. H., Wang, R., Townsend, J. R., … Hoffman, J. R. (2014, Apr). High-intensity interval training and beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyric free acid improves aerobic power and metabolic thresholds. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 11, 16.
  • Sharawy, M. H., El-Awady, M. S., Megahed, N., & Gameil, N. M. (2016, May). The ergogenic supplement beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) attenuates insulin resistance through suppressing GLUT-2 in rat liver. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 94, 488–497.
  • Silva, V. R., Belozo, F. L., Micheletti, T. O., Conrado, M., Stout, J. R., Pimentel, G. D., & Gonzalez, A. M. (2017, Sep). beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate free acid supplementation may improve recovery and muscle adaptations after resistance training: A systematic review. Nutrition Research (New York, N.Y.), 45, 1–9.
  • Slater, G., Jenkins, D., Logan, P., Lee, H., Vukovich, M., Rathmacher, J. A., & Hahn, A. G. (2001, Sep). Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) supplementation does not affect changes in strength or body composition during resistance training in trained men. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 11, 384–396.
  • Slater, G. J., & Jenkins, D. (2000, Aug). Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) supplementation and the promotion of muscle growth and strength. Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 30, 105–116.
  • Smith, H. J., Mukerji, P., & Tisdale, M. J. (2005, Jan). Attenuation of proteasome-induced proteolysis in skeletal muscle by {beta}-hydroxy-{beta}-methylbutyrate in cancer-induced muscle loss. Cancer Research, 65, 277–283.
  • Townsend, J. R., Fragala, M. S., Jajtner, A. R., Gonzalez, A. M., Wells, A. J., Mangine, G. T., … Hoffman, J. R. (2013, Oct). Beta-Hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB)-free acid attenuates circulating TNF-alpha and TNFR1 expression postresistance exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md.: 1985), 115, 1173–1182.
  • Van Koevering, M., & Nissen, S. (1992, Jan). Oxidation of leucine and alpha-ketoisocaproate to beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate in vivo. The American Journal of Physiology, 262, E27–E31.
  • Van Someren, K. A., Edwards, A. J., & Howatson, G. (2005, Aug). Supplementation with beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) and alpha-ketoisocaproic acid (KIC) reduces signs and symptoms of exercise-induced muscle damage in man. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 15, 413–424.
  • Vukovich, M. D., & Dreifort, G. D. (2001, Nov). Effect of beta-hydroxy beta-methylbutyrate on the onset of blood lactate accumulation and V(O)(2) peak in endurance-trained cyclists. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 15, 491–497.
  • Vukovich, M. D., Slater, G., Macchi, M. B., Turner, M. J., Fallon, K., Boston, T., & Rathmacher, J. (2001, Nov). beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) kinetics and the influence of glucose ingestion in humans. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 12, 631–639.
  • Wilkinson, D. J., Hossain, T., Hill, D. S., Phillips, B. E., Crossland, H., Williams, J., … Atherton, P. J. (2013, Jun). Effects of leucine and its metabolite beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate on human skeletal muscle protein metabolism. The Journal of Physiology, 591, 2911–2923.
  • Wilson, G. J., Wilson, J. M., & Manninen, A. H. (2008, Jan 3). Effects of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) on exercise performance and body composition across varying levels of age, sex, and training experience: A review. Nutrition & Metabolism (London), 5, 1.
  • Wilson, J. M., Fitschen, P. J., Campbell, B., Wilson, G. J., Zanchi, N., Taylor, L., … Antonio, J. (2013, Feb). International society of sports nutrition position stand: Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB). Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 10(1), 6.
  • Wilson, J. M., Kim, J. S., Lee, S. R., Rathmacher, J. A., Dalmau, B., Kingsley, J. D., … Panton, L. B. (2009, Feb 6). Acute and timing effects of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) on indirect markers of skeletal muscle damage. Nutrition & Metabolism (London), 4, 6.
  • Wilson, J. M., Lowery, R. P., Joy, J. M., Andersen, J. C., Wilson, S. M., Stout, J. R., … Rathmacher, J. (2014, Jun). The effects of 12 weeks of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate free acid supplementation on muscle mass, strength, and power in resistance-trained individuals: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 114, 1217–1227.
  • Yonamine, C. Y., Teixeira, S. S., Campello, R. S., Gerlinger-Romero, F., Rodrigues, C. F., Jr., Guimaraes-Ferreira, L., … Nunes, M. T. (2014, Sep). Beta hydroxy beta methylbutyrate supplementation impairs peripheral insulin sensitivity in healthy sedentary Wistar rats. Acta Physiologica (Oxford, England), 212, 62–74.
  • Zanchi, N. E., Gerlinger-Romero, F., Guimaraes-Ferreira, L., de Siqueira, M. A., Felitti, V., Lira, F. S., … Lancha, A. H. (2011, Apr). HMB supplementation: Clinical and athletic performance-related effects and mechanisms of action. Amino Acids, 40, 1015–1025.
  • Zanchi, N. E., Nicastro, H., & Lancha, A. H. (2008, Jul 17). Potential antiproteolytic effects of L-leucine: Observations of in vitro and in vivo studies. Nutrition & Metabolism (London), 5(20)..

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.