Influence of Agroclimatic Conditions on Active Substances Content in Hemp Cultivated in the South-East Baltic Region

References

• Aguilar, S., V. Gutiérrez, L. Sánchez, and M. Nougier. 2018. Medicinal cannabis policies and practices around the world. London, UK: International Drug Policy Consortium Publication.
   Google Scholar
• Andre, C. M., J. F. Hausman, and G. Guerriero. 2016. Cannabis sativa: The plant of the thousand and one molecules. Frontiers in Plant Science 7:19. doi:10.3389/fpls.2016.00019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldini, M., C. Ferfuia, F. Zuliani, and F. Danuso. 2020. Suitability assessment of different hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) varieties to the cultivation environment. Industrial Crops and Products 143:111860. doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.111860.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bański, J., and K. Błażejczyk. 2005. Globalne zmiany klimatu – Wpływ na rozwój rolnictwa na świecie [Global climate changes - the impact on the development of agriculture in the world]. In Wpływ procesu globalizacji na rozwój rolnictwa na świecie [The impact of the globalization process on the development of agriculture in the world], ed. G. Dybowski, 204–33. Warsaw, PL: Institute of Agricultural and Food Economics, National Research Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Bocsa, I., P. Máthé, and L. Hangyel. 1997. Effect of nitrogen on tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) content in hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) leaves at different positions. Journal of the International Hemp Association 4 (2):78–79.
   Google Scholar
• Bonini, S. A., M. Premoli, S. Tambaro, A. Kumar, G. Maccarinelli, M. Memo, and A. Mastinu. 2018. Cannabis sativa: A comprehensive ethnopharmacological review of a medicinal plant with a long history. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 227:300–15. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2018.09.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calvi, L., D. Pentimalli, S. Panseri, L. Giupponi, F. Gelmini, G. Beretta, D. Vitali, M. Bruno, E. Zilio, R. Pavlovic, et al. 2018. Comprehensive quality evaluation of medical Cannabis sativa L. inflorescence and macerated oils based on HS-SPME coupled to GC–MS and LC-HRMS (q-exactive orbitrap®) approach. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 150:208–19. doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2017.11.073.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campiglia, E., E. Radicetti, and R. Mancinelli. 2017. Plant density and nitrogen fertilization affect agronomic performance of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) in Mediterranean environment. Industrial Crops and Products 100:246–54. doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.02.022.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Commission Regulation (EC) No 2860/2000 of 27 December 2000. Amending regulation (EC) No 2316/1999 laying down detailed rules for the application of council regulation (EC) No 1251/1999 establishing a support system for producers of certain arable crops, to include flax and hemp grown for fibre, specifying the rules on set-aside areas and amending the base areas for Greece and Portugal. ANNEXX III (Article 7b(1)) community method for the quantitative determination of δ 9-THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) content in hemp varieties.
   Google Scholar
• Cosentino, S. L., G. Testa, D. Scordia, and V. Copani. 2012. Sowing time and prediction of flowering of different hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) genotypes in southern Europe. Industrial Crops and Products 37 (1):20–33. doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2011.11.017.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dussy, F. E., C. Hamberg, M. Luginbuhl, T. Schwerzmann, and T. A. Briellmann. 2005. Isolation of Δ9-THCA-A from hemp and analytical aspects concerning the determination of Δ9-THC in cannabis products. Forensic Science International 149 (1):3–10. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.05.015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EPPO PP. 1/181 (4) 2012. Conduct and reporting of efficacy evaluation trials, including good experimental practice. Bulletin OEPP/EPPO Bulletin 42(3):382–93.
   Google Scholar
• EU Regulation 2013. No 1307/2013 of the European parliament and of the council of 17 December 2013 establishing rules for direct payments to farmers under support schemes within the framework of the common agricultural policy and repealing council regulation (EC) No 637/2008 and council regulation (EC) No 73/2009. Off. J. Eur. Union, 347/608.
   Google Scholar
• European Industrial Hemp Association (EIHA). Hemp cultivation & Production in Europe in 2018. 2020. Available online: https://eiha.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/2018-Hemp-agri-report.pdf (accessed on 5 January 2021).
   Google Scholar
• Frassinetti, S., E. Moccia, L. Caltavuturo, M. Gabriele, V. Longo, L. Bellani, G. Gianluca, and L. Giorgetti. 2018. Nutraceutical potential of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) seeds and sprouts. Food Chemistry 262:56–66. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.04.078.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giroud, C. 2002. Analysis of cannabinoids in hemp plants. CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry 56 (3):80–83. doi:10.2533/000942902777680702.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glivar, T., J. Eržen, S. Kreft, M. Zagožen, A. Cĕrenakd, B. Cĕhd, and E. Tavcǎr Benkovic. 2020. Cannabinoid content in industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) varieties grown in Slovenia. Industrial Crops and Products 145:112082. doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.112082.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Główczewska-Siedlecka, E., K. Madra-Gackowska, K. Nowacka, and K. Kędziora – Kornatowska. 2016. Konopie siewne i ich zastosowanie we współczesnej geriatrii [Hemp and its application in modern geriatrics]. Journal of Education 6 (10):34–39.
   Google Scholar
• IUSS Working Group WRB, 2015. World reference base for soil resources 2014. International soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps. Update 2015. World Soil Resources Report No. 106. FAO, Rome.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, R. 2014. Hemp as an agricultural commodity. Congressional research service. Informing the legislative debate since 1914. Journal of Enthopharmakology 105:1–25.
   Google Scholar
• Lachenmeier, D. W., L. Kroener, F. Musshoff, and B. Madea. 2004. Determination of cannabinoids in hemp food products by use of headspace solid-phase micro extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 378 (1):183–89. doi:10.1007/s00216-003-2268-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lachenmeier, D. W., and S. G. Walch. 2005. Analysis and toxicological evaluation of cannabinoids in hemp food products. Electronic Journal of Environmental, Agricultural and Food Chemistry 4 (1):812–26.
   Google Scholar
• Mańkowska, G., and G. Oleszak. 2017. Zawartość kannabinoidów w wybranych odmianach konopi siewnych Cannabis sativa L. zgromadzonych w Banku Genów Instytutu Włókien Naturalnych i Roślin Zielarskich w Poznaniu [The content of cannabinoids in selected varieties of Cannabis sativa L. gathered at the gene bank of the institute of natural fibers and medicinal plants in Poznań]. Biuletyn Polskiej Izby Lnu I Konopi 29:25–29.
   Google Scholar
• Mańkowska, G., G. Oleszak, M. Szalata, and A. Luwańska. 2017. Wpływ długości okresu wegetacji na cechy użytkowe konopi siewnych Cannabis sativa L [Influence of the length of the growing season on the functional traits of Cannabis sativa L.]. In Procedings of the XIII National Scientific Conference - Science for the Breeding and Seed Production of Cultivated Plants, ed. E. Arseniuk, 285. Warsaw, PL: WIR.
   Google Scholar
• Mechtler, K., J. Bailer, and K. De Hueber. 2004. Variations of Δ9-THC content in single plants of hemp varieties. Industrial Crops and Products 19 (1):19–24. doi:10.1016/S0926-6690(03)00077-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pacifico, D., F. Miselli, A. Carboni, A. Moschella, and G. Mandolino. 2007. Time course of cannabinoid accumulation and chemotype development during the growth of Cannabis sativa L. Euphytica 160 (2):231–40. doi:10.1007/s10681-007-9543-y.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pavlovic, R., S. Panseri, L. Giupponi, V. Leoni, C. Citti, C. Cattaneo, M. Cavaletto, and A. Giorgi. 2019. Phytochemical and ecological analysis of two varieties of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) grown in a mountain environment of Italian Alps. Frontiers in Plant Science 10. doi:10.3389/fpls.2019.01265.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peiretti, P. G. 2009. Influence of the growth stage of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) on fatty acid content, chemical composition and gross energy. Agricultural Journal 4 (1):27–31.
   Google Scholar
• PN-R-04022:1996. Analiza chemiczno-rolnicza gleby - Oznaczanie zawartości przyswajalnego potasu w glebach mineralnych. Polski Komitet Normalizacyjny. [Agrochemical soil analysis - Determination of assimilated potassium content].
   Google Scholar
• PN-R04023:1996. Analiza chemiczno-rolnicza gleby - Oznaczanie zawartości przyswajalnego fosforu w glebach mineralnych. Polski Komitet Normalizacyjny. [Agrochemical soil analysis - Determination of assimilated phosphorus content].
   Google Scholar
• Poniatowska, J., K. Wielgus, M. Szalata, M. Szalata, M. Ożarowski, and K. Panasiewicz. 2019. Contribution of polish agrotechnical studies on Cannabis sativa L. to the global industrial hemp cultivation and processing economy. Herba Polonica 65 (2):37–50. doi:10.2478/hepo-2019-0012.
   Google Scholar
• Raharjo, T. J., and R. Verpoorte. 2004. Methods for the analysis of cannabinoids in biological materials: A review. Phytochemical Analysis 15 (2):79–94. doi:10.1002/pca.753.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rupasinghe, H. P. V., A. Davis, S. K. Kumar, B. Murray, and V. D. Zheljazkov. 2020. Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa subsp. sativa) as an emerging source for Value-Added functional food ingredients and nutraceuticals. Molecules 25 (18):4078. doi:10.3390/molecules25184078.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russo, E. B. 2011. Taming THC: Potential cannabis synergy and Phyto cannabinoidterpenoid entourage effects. British Journal of Pharmacology 163:1344–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SAS Institute. 1999. SAS/STAT user’s guide. Version 7th ed Carolina: Inst Cary NC
   Google Scholar
• Sikora, V., J. Berenji, and D. Latković. 2011. Influence of agroclimatic conditions on content of main cannabinoids in industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.). Genetika 43 (3):449–56. doi:10.2298/GENSR1103449S.
   Google Scholar
• Staff., S. S. 2014. Keys to soil taxonomy. 12th ed ed. Washington, DC: USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service.
   Google Scholar
• Stanisz, A. 1998. Przystępny kurs statystyki. [Accessible statistical course]. Tom I. Kraków. Statsoft Polska. ISBN 83-904735-4-2 ss. 362.
   Google Scholar
• Toth, J. A., G. M. Stack, A. R. Cala, C. H. Carlson, R. L. Wilk, J. L. Crawford, D. R. Viands, D. R. Philippe, G, C. D. Smart, and J. K. C. Rose. 2020. Development and validation of genetic markers for sex and cannabinoid chemotype in Cannabis sativa L. GCB Bioenergy 12 (3):213–22. doi:10.1111/gcbb.12667.
   Google Scholar
• Truta, E., S. Surdu, C. M. Rosu, and M. Asaftei. 2009. Hemp – Biochemical diversity and multiple uses. Sectiunea Genetica Si Biologie Moleculara, 10: 1–8
   Google Scholar
• Tsaliki, E. Kalivas, A. Jankauskiene, Z. Irakli, M. Cook, C. Grigoriadis, I. Panoras, I. Vasilakoglou, I. and K. Dhima. 2021. Fibre and seed productivity of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) varieties under Mediterranean conditions. Agronomy, 11, 171. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11010171
   Google Scholar
• Vemuri, V. K., and A. Makriyannis. 2015. Medicinal chemistry of cannabinoids. Clinical Pharmacology Therapeutics 97 (6):553–58. doi:10.1002/cpt.115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wielgus, K., A. Luwanska, W. Lassocinski, and Z. Kaczmarek. 2008. Estimation of Cannabis sativa L. Tissue culture conditions essential for callus induction and plant regeneration. Journal of Natural Fibers 5 (3):199–207. doi:10.1080/15440470801976045.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar