Dangerous Towers, Harmless Phones? Swiss Newspaper Coverage of the Risk Associated With Non-Ionizing Radiation

REFERENCES

• Ahlbom , A. , Bergqvist , U. , Bernhardt , J. , Cesarini , J. , Grandolfo , M. and Hietanen , M. 1998 . Guidelines for limiting exposure to time-varying electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields (up to 300 GHz) . Health Physics , 74 : 494 – 522 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altheide , D. 1976 . Creating reality: How TV news distorts events Beverly Hills , CA : Sage. .
   Google Scholar
• Aubineau , P. , Bardou , A. , Dixsaut , G. , Goldberg , M. , de Seze , R. , Veyret , B. and Zmirou , D. 2001 . Les téléphones mobiles, leurs stations de base et la santé [Mobile phones, their base stations, and health] (Report to the Directeur Général de la Santé) Paris , , France : Ministère de l'Emploi et de la Solidarité. .
   Google Scholar
• Bomlitz , L. J. and Brezis , M. 2008 . Misrepresentation of health risks by mass media . Journal of Public Health , 30 : 202 – 204 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brodie , M. , Hamel , E. , Altman , D. , Blendon , R. and Benson , J. 2003 . Health news and the American public, 1996–2002 . Journal of Health Politics, Policy, and Law , 28 : 927 – 950 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bundesamt für Umwelt . 2005 . Electrosmog in the environment Retrieved from http://www.bafu.admin.ch/publikationen/publikation/00686/index.html?lang=en
   Google Scholar
• Bundesamt für Umwelt . 2007 . Hochfrequente Strahlung und Gesundheit. Bewertung von wissenschaftlichen Studien im Niedrigdosisbereich [High-frequency radiation and health. Assessment of scientific studies on low dose exposure] (Studies considered up to September 2006) Bern , , Switzerland : Bundesamt für Umwelt. .
   Google Scholar
• Bundesamt für Umwelt, Wald und Landschaft . 2004 . Hochfrequente Strahlung und Gesundheit. Bewertung von wissenschaftlichen Studien an Menschen im Niedrigdosisbereich [High-frequency radiation and health. Assessment of scientific studies on humans] (Studies considered up to March 2004) Bern , , Switzerland : Bundesamt für Umwelt, Wald und Landschaft. .
   Google Scholar
• Cardis , E. , Richardson , L. , Deltour , I. , Armstrong , B. , Feychting , M. , Johansen , C. and Yamaguchi , N. 2007 . The INTERPHONE study: Design, epidemiological methods, and description of the study population . European Journal of Epidemiology , 22 : 647 – 664 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coleman , C.-L. 1993 . The influence of mass media and interpersonal communication on societal and personal risk judgments . Communication Research , 20 : 611 – 628 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drake , F. 2006 . Mobile phone masts: protesting the scientific evidence . Public Understanding of Science , 15 : 387 – 410 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dudo , A. D. , Dahlstrom , M. F. and Brossard , D. 2007 . Reporting a potential pandemic. A risk-related assessment of avian influenza coverage in U.S. newspapers . Science Communication , 28 : 429 – 454 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Commission . 2007 . Eurobarometer survey on electromagnetic fields [Report] Brussels , , Belgium : Author. .
   Google Scholar
• Fishman , M. 1980 . Manufacturing the news Austin : University of Texas Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Galtung , J. and Ruge , M. H. 1965 . The structure of foreign news: The presentation of the Congo, Cuba and Cyprus Crises in four foreign newspapers . Journal of Peace Research , 1 : 64 – 90 .
   Google Scholar
• Gamson , W. , Croteau , D. , Hoynes , W. and Sasson , T. 1992 . Media images and the social construction of reality . Annual Review of Sociology , 18 : 373 – 393 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gfs.Bern . 2007 . Mobilfunktechnologie wieder stärker über Nutzen definiert Bern , , Switzerland Schlussbericht zur Studie “Mobilfunkmonitor 2006” im Auftrag von Forum Mobil in Zusammenarbeit mit BAFU, BAG und BAKOM
   Google Scholar
• Griffin , R. J. , Dunwoody , S. and Zabala , F. 1998 . Public reliance on risk communication channels in the wake of a cryptosporidium outbreak . Risk Analysis , 18 : 367 – 375 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henderson , M. and Barkham , P. 2004 . Phone mast protests dismissed as irrational . Times Online. , Retrieved from http://www.timesonline.co.uk/
   Google Scholar
• Hillert , L. , Åkerstedt , T. , Lowden , A. , Wiholm , C. , Kuster , N. , Ebert , S. and Arnetz , B. B. 2008 . The effects of 884 MHz GSM wireless communication signals on headache and other symptoms: An experimental provocation study . Bioelectromagnetics , 29 : 185 – 196 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Telecommunication Union . 2009 . The world in 2010 Geneva , , Switzerland : Author. .
   Google Scholar
• International Telecommunication Union . 2010 . World telecommunication/ICT indicators database. Geneva , , Switzerland : Author. . Retrieved from http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/statistics/
   Google Scholar
• Iyengar , S. 1991 . Is anyone responsible? How TV frames political issues Chicago , IL : University of Chicago Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Iyengar , S. and Kinder , D. 1987 . News that matters. Chicago , IL : University of Chicago Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Joosten , H. August 25 1995 . “ Hohe Spannung, wenig Licht [High voltage, little light]. ” . In Die Zeit August 25 , No. 35
   Google Scholar
• Kepplinger , H. M. 1989 . Künstliche Horizonte. Folgen, Darstellung und Akzeptanz von Technik in der Bundesrepublik [Artificial horizons: Consequences, image and acceptance of technology in the Federal Republic] Frankfurt , , Germany : Campus. .
   Google Scholar
• Kitzinger , J. and Reilly , J. 1997 . The rise and fall of risk reporting: Media coverage of human genetics research, “False Memory Syndrome” and “Mad Cow Disease.” . European Journal of Communication , 12 : 319 – 350 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein , W. M. and Kunda , Z. 1994 . Exaggerated self-assessments and the preference for controllable risks . Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes , 59 : 410 – 427 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewison , G. 2007 . The reporting of the risk from genetically modified organisms in the mass media, 2002–2004 . Sociometrics , 72 : 439 – 458 .
   Google Scholar
• Mazur , A. 1981 . The dynamics of technical controversy Washington , DC : Communications Press. .
   Google Scholar
• McCombs , M. and Reynolds , A. 2008 . “ How the news shapes our civic agenda. ” . In Media effects: Advances in theory and research Edited by: Bryant , J. and Oliver , M. B. 1 – 16 . New York , NY : Routledge. .
   Google Scholar
• Miller , D. and Reilly , J. 1995 . “ Making an issue of food safety: The media, pressure groups and the public sphere. ” . In Eating agendas: Food and nutrition as social problems Edited by: Maurer , D. and Sobal , J. 305 – 336 . New York , NY : Aldine de Gruyter. .
   Google Scholar
• Oftedal , G. , Straume , A. , Johnsson , A. and Stovner , L. 2007 . Mobile phone headache: A double blind, sham-controlled provocation study . Cephalalgia , 27 : 447 – 455 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Östgaard , E. 1965 . Factors influencing the flow of news . Journal of Peace Research , 2 : 39 – 63 .
   Google Scholar
• Peltu , M. 1988 . “ Media reporting of risk information: Uncertainties and the future. ” . In Risk communication Edited by: Jungermann , H. , Kasperson , R. E. and Wiedemann , P. M. 11 – 32 . Jülich , , Germany : Research Center KFA. .
   Google Scholar
• Raymond , C. A. 1985 . “ Risk in the press: Conflicting journalistic ideologies. ” . In The language of risk Edited by: Nelkin , D. 97 – 133 . Beverly Hills , CA : Sage. .
   Google Scholar
• Rothman , S. and Lichter , R. S. 1982 . The nuclear energy debate: Scientists, the media and the public . Public Opinion , 5 : 43 – 47 .
   Google Scholar
• Rothman , S. and Lichter , R. S. 1987 . Elite ideology and risk perception in nuclear energy policy . American Political Science Review , 81 : 383 – 404 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandman , P. M. 1994 . Mass media and environmental risk: Seven principles . Risk: Health, Safety, and Environment , 5 : 251 – 260 .
   Google Scholar
• Schulz , W. 1976 . Die Konstruktion von Realität in den Nachrichtenmedien: Analyse der aktuellen Berichterstattung [The construction of reality in the news media: Analysis of news coverage] Freiburg , , Germany : Alber. .
   Google Scholar
• Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks . 2007 . Possible effects of Electromagnetic Fields (EMF) on Human Health. Brussels , , Belgium : European Commission. .
   Google Scholar
• Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks . 2009 . Health Effects of Exposure to EMF Brussels , , Belgium : European Commission. .
   Google Scholar
• Seale , C. 2003 . Health and media: An overview . Sociology of Health and Illness , 25 : 513 – 531 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seale , C. 2010 . How the mass media report social statistics: A case study concerning research on end-of-life decisions . Social Science & Medicine , 71 : 861 – 868 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegrist , M. , Earle , T. C. , Gutscher , H. and Keller , C. 2005 . Perception of mobile phone and base station risks . Risk Analysis , 25 : 1253 – 1264 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singer , E. and Endreny , P. 1987 . Reporting hazards: Their benefits and costs . Journal of Communication , 37 ( 3 ) : 10 – 26 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staab , J. F. 1990 . Nachrichtenwert-Theorie: Formale Struktur und empirischer Gehalt [News value theory: Formal structure and empirical content] Freiburg , , Germany : Alber. .
   Google Scholar
• Stallings , R. A. 1990 . Media discourse and the social construction of risk . Social Problems , 37 : 80 – 95 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szmigielski , S. and Sobiczewska , E. 2000 . Cellular phone systems and human health-problems with risk perception and communication . Environmental Management and Health , 11 : 352 – 368 .
   Google Scholar
• Thalmann , A. T. and Wiedemann , P. M. 2006 . Beliefs and emotionality in risk appraisals . Journal of Risk Research , 9 : 453 – 466 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuchman , G. 1978 . Making news: A study in the construction of reality. New York , NY : Free Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Weinstein , N. D. 1982 . Unrealistic optimism about susceptibility to health problems . Journal of Behavioral Medicine , 5 : 441 – 460 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinstein , N. D. 1984 . Why it won't happen to me: Perceptions of risk factors and susceptibility . Health Psychology , 3 : 431 – 457 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization . 2002 . Establishing a dialogue on risks from electromagnetic fields. Geneva , , Switzerland : Author. .
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization . 2011 . IARC classifies radiofrequency electromagnetic fields as possibly carcinogenic to humans Geneva , , Switzerland : Author. . [Press Release No. 208]
   Google Scholar